Amaphutha Avamile Lapho Uthenga Amafoni Aqinisekisa Ukuqhuma

Isingeniso

Ukuthenga imishini yokuxhumana yezindawo eziyingozi akubalulekile kangako ukukhetha ifoni eqinile kodwa kumayelana nokufanisa idivayisi nezingozi eziqondile zokusha, izitifiketi, kanye nezidingo zokusebenza zesayithi. Amaphutha amaningi okuthenga enzeka ngaphambi kokuba abathengisi baqhathaniswe, lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwezingozi kungacacile, amazinga adingekayo engaqondwa kahle, noma izidingo ezingokoqobo ezifana namazinga omsindo, ukunikezwa kwamandla, kanye nokufinyelela kokulungisa kunganakwa. Lesi sihloko sichaza amaphutha avame kakhulu enziwa yizinhlangano lapho zikhetha izingcingo ezingaqhumi, sichaza ukuthi kungani lawo maphutha edala izinkinga zokuphepha, ukuthobela imithetho, noma izindleko, futhi sinikeza abafundi isisekelo esicacile sokuhlola izincazelo ngaphambi kokudlulela ezinqumweni zokuthenga ezinemininingwane.

Kungani Amafoni Avikela Ukuqhuma Ethengwa Kabi?

Ukuthola imishini yokuxhumana engaqhumi kuwumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu lapho ukunemba kobunjiniyela, ukuthobela imithetho, kanye nemikhawulo yesabelomali kuhlangana khona. Lapho izinhlangano zithenga kabiocingweni olungaqhumi, imiphumela idlulela ngale kokuphazamiseka kokusebenza; ifaka izingozi ezinkulu zokusha ezindaweni eziguquguqukayo noma ibangele izindleko ezinkulu zemali ezingadingekile. Naphezu kokubaluleka kwalawa madivayisi ezindaweni zokuhluza uwoyela, izimboni zamakhemikhali, kanye namapulatifomu angaphandle kolwandle, amaqembu okuthenga avame ukwenza amaphutha abucayi ngesikhathi sezigaba zokucacisa kanye nokuthola.

Umsuka wokuthengwa okuningi okungaqondile kahle usekuhlukaneni phakathi kwamaqiniso obunjiniyela bendawo eyingozi kanye nokuqagela kwezentengiselwano okuqhuba umjikelezo wokuthenga. Ngokuhlukanisa ngqo lapho inqubo yokuthenga yehluleka khona, abathengi bezobuchwepheshe kanye nabaphathi bezikhungo bangasusa ubuthakathaka besakhiwo kumanethiwekhi abo okuxhumana.

Indlela ukuhlolwa kwezingozi okubuthakathaka okuholela ngayo ekuthengeni okungalungile

Iphutha eliyinhloko ekuthengeni izingcingo ezingaqhumi ukuthembela ekuhlukanisweni kwezindawo eziyingozi ezindala, ezibanzi kakhulu, noma ezingabhalwanga kahle. Amaqembu okuthenga avame ukuthola iziqondiso ezingacacile zokuthenga ihadiwe "ephephile ngaphakathi" noma "engaqhumi" ngaphandle kokuchaza iNdawo noma iSigaba esiqondile. Isibonelo, ukwehluleka ukusebenzisa iNdawo 1 (I-ATEX) noma izingcingo eziqinisekisiwe zeSigaba I, iSigaba 1 (NEC) zesikhungo esidinga kuphela ukuthobela iSigaba 2 noma iSigaba 2 kuyiphutha elibizayo. Lokhu kucaciswa ngokweqile kuvame ukwandisa izindleko zemali ngo-40% kuya ku-60% ngeyunithi ngayinye, njengoba amadivayisi eSigaba 1 edinga izindawo eziqinile kakhulu zokuvala kanye nezindlela zomlilo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imishini engacaciswanga kahle ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwengozi okubuthakathaka kudala izingozi ezinkulu. Uma indawo icubungula i-hydrogen kodwa ukuhlolwa kwehluleka ukubona isidingo sesitifiketi se-Gas Group IIC, abathengi bangase bathenge ngephutha izingcingo ze-Group IIA noma ze-IIB. Uma kwenzeka iphutha, lawa madivayisi angakalwanga kahle awanakho ukubekezelelana kwegebe eliqinile elidingekayo ukuze kupholiswe ukushiswa kwangaphakathi okusekelwe ku-hydrogen, okwenza ucingo ngokwalo lube umthombo oyinhloko wokushiswa.

Kungani ukucabanga ngezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila kuphazamisa izinqumo

Ngale kwezindleko zokuqala zenhlokodolobha (i-CapEx), ukucabanga ngezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila okunephutha kuvame ukuhlanekezela izinqumo zokuthenga. Abathengi bavame ukuhlola izingcingo ezincintisanayo ezingaqhumi ngokusekelwe kuphela entengo yeyunithi esezingeni eliphezulu, bengayinaki izindleko zokusebenza zesikhathi eside (i-OpEx) ezidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukuthobela imithetho ezindaweni zezimboni ezinzima. Ucingo oluthengwe ngo-$800 olubonakala luncintisana lungenza kalula izindleko zokulungisa ezingaphezu kuka-$2,500 esikhathini seminyaka emihlanu uma ludinga izingxenye ezisele ezizimele noma isevisi ekhethekile, edinga abasebenzi abaningi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathengi bavame ukwehluleka ukubheka i-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) kanye nezindleko zesikhathi sokungasebenzi kokukhiqiza. Endaweni yokumba engaphandle kolwandle, ukwehluleka kwe-node yokuxhumana yokuphepha ebalulekile ngenxa yokugqwala kwangaphambi kwesikhathi noma ukungena komswakama akugcini nje ngokumisa imisebenzi yendawo kodwa futhi kubangela izindleko ezinkulu zokuthutha ochwepheshe abaqinisekisiwe. Ukulinganisa imfuneko ye-MTBF okungenani yamahora angu-50,000 nokuhlola ukutholakala kwezingxenye ezijwayelekile, ezithathelwa indawo kalula kuyizinyathelo ezingaxoxiswana ngazo zokulinganisa izindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila okunembile.

Amaphutha Okucaciswa Kobuchwepheshe Abaluleke Kakhulu

Imininingwane yobuchwepheshe inquma kokubili ukuphepha kanye nokusebenza kahle kweamadivayisi okuxhumana ezimbonini. Lapho abathengi bengaqondi noma bengazinaki izidingo zobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi, basengozini yokusebenzisa imishini ehluleka ukumelana namaqiniso emvelo noma evumela ukuxhumana okucacile ngesikhathi esiphuthumayo. Ukunemba kokucaciswa yikona kuphela ukuvikela lokhu kwehluleka kokusebenza.

Indlela yokufanisa ocingweni nendawo eyingozi yangempela

Izindawo eziyingozi zidinga ukufana okuqondile phakathi kosongo lwemvelo kanye nemingcele yesitifiketi sefoni. Ngale kweNdawo noma iDivision eyisisekelo, abathengi kumele bahlole ngokucophelela i-Temperature Class (T-Class). Iphutha elivamile ukufuna ngokungadingekile isilinganiso se-T6 (izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lobuso elingu-85°C) lapho isilinganiso se-T4 (135°C) sanele ngokuphelele kumagesi athile akhona. Ukuchaza ngokweqile i-T-Class kuvimbela kakhulu izinketho zabathengisi futhi kukhuphule izindleko ngaphandle kokuletha noma iyiphi inzuzo yokuphepha ebonakalayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo ethile yokuxhumana kumele ihambisane nengqalasizinda yesikhungo. Abathengi bavame ukuzama ukuhlanganisa izingcingo ezindala ezivikela ukuqhuma kwe-analog kumanethiwekhi esimanje asekelwe ku-IP besebenzisa abaguquli be-analog-to-digital abasendaweni, abangaqinisekisiwe, okwenza ngokushesha ukuhambisana nendawo eyingozi kokuhlanganiswa kungenzeki. Ukucaciswa okuqondile kwezingcingo zomdabu ze-SIP/VoIP eziqinisekiswe indawo ethile kuyadingeka ekusetshenzisweni kwesimanje.

Yikuphi ukufakwa, isilinganiso se-IP, ukuphuma kwe-acoustic, kanye nezici ze-handset ezibalulekile

Ukwakheka okungokoqobo kocingo kunquma ukuthi lungakwazi yini ukusinda. Abathengi bavame ukungaqondi kahle izilinganiso zokuvikelwa kokungena (i-IP), becabanga ukuthi i-IP66 (ukuvikelwa olwandle olunzima/amajethi amanzi anamandla) ingaphansi kwe-IP67 (ukucwiliswa kwesikhashana). Ezindaweni eziningi zokugeza ngamakhemikhali, ukumelana nokucindezela okuphezulu kwe-IP66 empeleni kubaluleke kakhulu kunokumelana nokucwiliswa kwe-IP67. Izinto ezivalekile nazo zithinta kakhulu ubude besikhathi; ukucacisa i-aluminium ejwayelekile endaweni yasolwandle egqwala kakhulu esikhundleni se-Glass Reinforced Polyester (GRP) noma i-Stainless Steel 316L kuzoholela ekuwohlokeni okusheshayo.

Ukusebenza kwe-acoustic kungenye indlela evame ukungahlulelwa kahle. Ezindaweni ezinomsindo ophezulu njengamakamelo okucindezela, umsindo ozungezile ungadlula kalula i-100 dB. Ukuthenga ifoni engaqhumi nge-ringer ejwayelekile engu-80 dB(A) kuqinisekisa izingcingo ezingabanjwanga ngesikhathi sokusebenza okubucayi. Imininingwane kumele idinge uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-acoustic noma lokuxwayisa olubonakalayo, ngokuvamile oludinga i-relay eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ukuze kuqaliswe i-sounder yangaphandle engu-110 dB(A) noma i-beacon ye-Xenon strobe eqinisekisiwe. Izintambo ze-handset kumele nazo zihlolwe; izintambo ezihlanganisiwe ezijwayelekile ziyaqhekeka ngaphansi kokusetshenziswa kwezimboni, okudinga izintambo zensimbi engagqwali ezivikelwe ezinamandla okudonswa okungenani angu-200kg.

Indlela yokuqhathanisa amamodeli ngempumelelo

Ukuhlola amamodeli ancintisanayo kudinga ukudlulela ngale kwezincwajana zokumaketha nokuqhathanisa ngqo imininingwane yobunjiniyela eyinhloko. Abathengi kumele bavumelanise izinto ezibonakalayo, isitifiketi, kanye namakhono omsindo ngokumelene nesisekelo esiqondile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwehluleka kokuthengwa kwesistimu.

Amaphutha Okuthobela Imithetho Nesitifiketi Anengozi Ephakeme Kakhulu

Ukuthobela imithetho kusebenza njengesisekelo esiphelele semishini yendawo eyingozi. Kodwa-ke, isimo somthetho somhlaba wonke sihlukene kakhulu, futhi ukutolika kabi amazinga okuqinisekisa kungenye yamaphutha ayingozi kakhulu ngokomthetho nangokwezimali umthengi angawenza. Ukufakwa kwemishini okungalandeli imithetho akugcini nje ngokuqeda izinqubomgomo zomshuwalense wesikhungo kodwa kubeka inhlangano ezijezisweni ezinzima zokulawula.

Kungani ukudideka imithetho ye-ATEX, i-IECEx, i-NEC, kanye neyasendaweni kubangela izinkinga

Isimo somhlaba wonke sokuvikelwa kokuqhuma silawulwa yizinhlaka ezihlukile, eziboshwe ngokwendawo. Iphutha elibalulekile livela lapho amaqembu okuthenga ecabanga ukuthi izitifiketi zingashintshaniswa kuwo wonke umuntu. Isibonelo, ukuthenga ucingo olunesitifiketi se-European ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU bese ulufaka esikhungweni saseNyakatho Melika esilawulwa yizindinganiso ze-NEC 500/505 (OSHA) kuwukwephulwa komthetho okuqondile, noma ngabe ukubekezelelana kobunjiniyela kwedivayisi kwanele ngokobuchwepheshe.

Ngokufanayo, ukudideka kohlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-IECEx nemiyalelo yendawo kubangela ukubambezeleka okukhulu kwephrojekthi. Ngenkathi i-IECEx isebenza njengesisekelo sezindinganiso eziningi zikazwelonke, amazwe afana ne-China (CCC Ex), i-Brazil (INMETRO), ne-Russia (EAC Ex) adinga ukuhlolwa kwendawo kanye namamaki esitifiketi. Abathengi abahluleka ukucacisa isitifiketi sesifunda esiqondile esidingekayo ku-Request for Quotation (RFQ) yabo bavame ukubhekana nokubanjwa kwempahla noma ukufakelwa kabusha ngenkani, okubambezela ukuqalwa kwephrojekthi izinyanga eziningi.

Indlela yokuqinisekisa izitifiketi, amalebula, namafayela obuchwepheshe

Ukuthembela kuphela esimangalweni somthengisi sokuthi "akukwazi ukuqhuma" ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa amadokhumenti ayisisekelo kuwukwehluleka okuhlelekile ekuhlolweni okufanele. Abathengi kumele baqinisekise ngokucophelela isitifiketi sokuhlolwa kohlobo lwe-EU noma idokhumenti yendawo efanayo. Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlola inombolo ye-Notified Body (NB) kanye nokubhekisela ekuqinisekisweni kwesitifiketi kusizindalwazi senhlangano ekhiphayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi asimiswanga noma asihoxiswanga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ipuleti ledatha ledivayisi (ilebula) kumele lihambisane ngokuqinile namafayela obuchwepheshe kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezingozi okuqondile kwesikhungo. Amaqembu okuthenga kufanele ahlole izaziso zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizi (isb., i-ATEX QAN noma i-IECEx QAR) ukuqinisekisa amazinga okukhiqiza ahambisanayo. Ukwenqaba abathengisi ababonisa amazinga okukhubazeka kwensimu angaphezu kuka-1.5% noma labo abangakwazi ukukhiqiza imibiko yokuhlola ephelele, elandelanayo yeyunithi ngayinye kuyisu elidingekayo lokunciphisa ubungozi.

Indlela Ukuthola, Ukufaka, Nokulungisa Okwenyusa Ngayo Izindleko Eziphelele

Izindleko eziphelele zobunikazi bezingcingo ezingaqhumi zidlulela ngale kwe-oda lokuqala lokuthenga. Amaphutha ekutholeni izinto zokuthutha, imikhuba yokufaka engafanele, kanye nezinqubo zokulungisa ezinganakwa zivame ukuhlangana, okwenza ukuthenga okubonakala kungabizi kube inkinga yezezimali eqhubekayo. Ukulawula lezi ziguquguquko ezingezansi kudinga ukuphathwa kwabathengisi okunolaka kanye nokunamathela ngokuqinile ezinqubweni zokufaka eziqinisekisiwe.

Indlela ukukhethwa kwabathengisi, izikhathi zokukhokha, kanye nezingxenye ezisele ezithinta ngayo imiphumela

Ukuguquguquka kochungechunge lokuphakelwa kwempahla kunomthelela omkhulu empumelelweni yokuthunyelwa kwezokuxhumana kwezimboni. Imishini engaqhumi ayivamile ukuba yimpahla ethengiswayo; ukwenziwa okukhethekile kanye nokuhlolwa kweqembu okuqinile kusho ukuthi izikhathi zokuhola zivame ukwelulwa kusukela emavikini angu-8 kuya kwangu-16. Abathengi abahlulekayo ukubala le mijikelezo yokukhiqiza ende bavame ukusebenzisa imithwalo yendiza esheshayo, engangeza u-15% kuya ku-20% ezindlekweni zephrojekthi yonke ngenxa yesisindo esinzima sezindawo ezivalekile.

Ukukhethwa kwabathengisi kumele futhi kubeke phambili ukutholakala okuqinisekisiweizingxenye ezisele eziqinisekisiweUma umthengisi eqeda ibhodi elikhulu elithile noma ikhiphedi eqinisekisiwe ngaphandle kokushintshaniswa okuhambisanayo, lonke ucingo kumele lulahlwe uma ingxenye encane yehluleka. Ukuqinisekisa isiqinisekiso senkontileka sokutholakala kwezingxenye ezisele okungenani iminyaka eyi-10 ngemuva kokuthengwa kuyisivikelo esibalulekile ekuphelelweni yisikhathi.

Yimaphi amaphutha okufakwa nokugcinwa adala ingozi engagwenywa

Ngisho nefoni eqinisekisiwe kakhulu engaqhumi iba yingozi enkulu uma ifakwe ngendlela engafanele. Iphutha elivame kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezindlala zekhebula ezijwayelekile, ezingaqinisekisiwe ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Uma ifoni ye-Ex d (engavuthi umlilo) ifakwe indlala engaqinisekisiwe, ubuqotho bendlela yomlilo buyaphazamiseka ngokushesha, okwenza ngokusemthethweni isitifiketi sonke senhlangano futhi kuvunyelwe amagesi aqhumayo ukuba ahambe ngomsele.

Amaphutha okulungisa nawo adala izingozi ezingagwenywa. Amabhawodi asindayo avikela indawo evalekile engashisi umlilo kumele aqiniswe ngokwezidingo zomkhiqizi. Ukwehluleka ukusebenzisa i-torque edingekayo—isibonelo, ukuqinisa kancane ku-10 Nm lapho imininingwane idinga i-15 Nm—kushiya izikhala ezincane kakhulu kuma-flange afakwe umshini, okwenza indlela yomlilo ingasebenzi ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwangaphakathi. Ukulungiswa okuvamile kumele kwenziwe kuphela ochwepheshe abaqinisekisiwe yi-CompEx (noma abalinganayo) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu kubekezelelana okubalulekile kuyagcinwa.

Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuthenga ezithuthukisa ukuqhathaniswa komhlinzeki

Ukuze kuncishiswe lezi zingozi, amaqembu okuthenga kumele asebenzise ama-matrices okuhlola ahlelekile alinganisa izilinganiso zezokuthutha nezokusebenza kanye nentengo yamayunithi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa umbono ophelele wamakhono omhlinzeki.

Indlela Abathengi Okufanele Bathathe Ngayo Isinqumo Sokugcina

Ukuphela kwenqubo yokuthenga kudinga ukuhlanganisa izidingo zobunjiniyela, imiyalelo yokulawula, kanye nemikhawulo yezezimali kube yisinqumo esisodwa sokuthenga esihlangene. Abathengi kumele bayeke ukwenza izinqumo ezizimele, lapho ukuthenga kuphishekela intengo ephansi kakhulu kuyilapho ubunjiniyela bufuna imininingwane ephezulu kakhulu kungakhathaliseki isidingo sangempela.

Yiluphi uhlaka lwesinqumo oluhambisana nobunjiniyela, ukuthengwa kwempahla, kanye nokusebenza

Uhlaka oluqinile lwezinqumo luvumelanisa izinto eziza kuqala zobunjiniyela, ukuthengwa kwempahla, kanye nokusebenza. Ubunjiniyela kumele buchaze imingcele eqinile: i-Zone/Division eqondile, i-Gas Group, i-Temperature Class, kanye nephrothokholi yenethiwekhi edingekayo (isb., i-SIP phezu kwe-IEEE 802.3af PoE). Ukusebenza kunquma izidingo ze-ergonomic kanye nokusebenza, njengesidingo sekhiphedi egcwele uma kuqhathaniswa ne-auto-dial hotline, noma ukuhlanganiswa kohlelo lokuxwayisa olubonakalayo noluzwakalayo lwe-90 dB(A).

Indima yokuthengwa kwempahla ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka ukuthola imishini ehlangabezana nale mingcele engaxoxiswana ngayo ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa izindleko eziphelele zobunikazi.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Iziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesizathu sezingcingo ezivikela ukuqhuma
• Imininingwane, ukuhambisana, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi okufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuthi uzibophezele
• Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezisebenzayo kanye nezixwayiso abafundi abangazisebenzisa ngokushesha

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Yiliphi iphutha elivame kakhulu lapho uthenga omakhalekhukhwini abangaqhumi?

Sebenzisa isilinganiso sengozi esingacacile. Qinisekisa njalo i-Zone/Division eqondile, iqembu legesi, kanye nesigaba sokushisa ngaphambi koku-oda ukuze ugweme ukucaciswa okungaphephile noma ukucaciswa okubiza kakhulu.

Ingabe ngihlala ngidinga isilinganiso se-ATEX noma se-T6 esiphezulu?

Cha. Ukuthenga ngale kwesidingo sangempela sendawo kungakhuphula izindleko kakhulu. Qondanisa isitifiketi socingo nokuhlolwa kwakho kwendawo enobungozi okubhalwe phansi.

Kungani ukukhetha iphrothokholi kubalulekile kuma-phone angenawo ama-blasting?

Ukungafani kungaphula ukuhambisana noma kube nzima ukufaka. Uma isayithi lakho lisebenzisa i-IP PBX noma i-VoIP, khetha ifoni ye-SIP eqinisekisiwe yendawo esikhundleni sokwengeza abaguquli abangaqinisekisiwe.

Yiziphi izici zemvelo okufanele ngizihlole ngaphambi kokuthenga?

Qinisekisa isilinganiso se-IP, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuphuma kwe-acoustic, kanye nokuqina kwefoni. Ezindaweni zasogwini, ezimayini, noma ezingaphandle, le mininingwane ivame ukubaluleka njengesitifiketi esingaqhumi.

I-Siniwo ingasiza kanjani ekunciphiseni amaphutha okuthenga?

I-Siniwo inikeza ukwesekwa okukodwa kusukela ekwakhiweni nasekuhlanganisweni kuya ekufakweni nasekulungisweni, isiza abathengi ukuthi bavumelanise omakhalekhukhwini abaqinisekisiwe abangaqhumi nezimo zangempela zendawo yezimboni.