Izingcingo Ezivikela Ukuqhuma Uma Ziqhathaniswa Nezingcingo Zezimboni Ezijwayelekile: Uyini Umehluko?

Isingeniso

Amafoni ezimboni angase abukeke afana ngaphandle, kodwa indima yawo yokuphepha ishintsha kakhulu ezindaweni eziyingozi. Ezindaweni ezinegesi evuthayo, umusi, noma uthuli oluvuthayo, ifoni ejwayelekile yezimboni ingaletha ingozi yokushisa ngokusebenzisa ukusebenza okuvamile kukagesi, kuyilapho ifoni engaqhumi iklanyelwe ukugoba leyo ngozi futhi ihambisane nezidingo zendawo eyingozi. Lesi sihloko sichaza umehluko wobunjiniyela kanye nesitifiketi phakathi kwalokhu okubili, lapho uhlobo ngalunye lufanele khona, nokuthi ukukhetha okufanele kuthinta kanjani ukuphepha kwabasebenzi, ukuthobela imithetho, ukuhlela ukulungiswa, kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula esibizayo. Njengoba lowo mongo usekhona, kuba lula ukwahlulela ukuthi indawo idinga imishini yokuxhumana eqinile noma uhlelo oluvikela ukuqhuma olwakhiwe ngenhloso.

Kungani Izingcingo Ezivikela Ukuqhuma Zibalulekile

Ezindaweni zezimboni lapho kukhona khona amagesi aguquguqukayo, umusi, noma uthuli oluvuthayo, ingqalasizinda yokuxhumana ejwayelekile iletha ubungozi obukhulu: ingozi yokushiswa kukagesi. Izingcingo ezingaqhumi zenzelwe ngqo ukunciphisa lolu songo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanethiwekhi okuxhumana abalulekile awabi yimbangela yezingozi ezinkulu zezimboni. Ngokungafani ne-hardged nomaamadivayisi angangenisi isimo sezulu, lawa mayunithi akhethekile akhelwe ukuvimba ukuqhuma kwangaphakathi nokuvimbela ukuthi kusakazeke emoyeni oyingozi ozungezile.

Izingozi zokuxhumana kanye nokuvezwa ngesikhathi sokungasebenzi

Ingozi eyinhloko yokusebenza ezindaweni eziyingozi ivela kuma-arcs kagesi kanye nezinhlansi ezikhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile kocingo, njengomshini wokukhala, ukuphakamisa i-handset (i-hook switch), noma ukusebenzisana kwekhiphedi. Ezimweni lapho ukugcwala kwezinto ezivuthayo kudlula khona umkhawulo ophansi wokuqhuma (i-LEL)—ngokuvamile oqashwe emikhawulweni engaphezu kuka-10% we-LEL—idivayisi ejwayelekile yokuxhumana inganikeza amandla anele okuqhuma ukuze kuqale ukusha. Ngaphandle kosongo lokuphepha olusheshayo kubasebenzi, ukuchayeka ngokwezimali kokwehluleka kwemishini kukhulu kakhulu. Emikhakheni yokumba yamakhemikhali kaphethiloli kanye nasogwini lolwandle, isikhathi sokungasebenzi esingahleliwe esibangelwa ukwehluleka kokuxhumana noma ukuvalwa kokuphepha kungabangela izindleko ezisukela ku-$20,000 kuya ngaphezulu kuka-$100,000 ngehora.

Lapho zivunyelwe khona ngokwezentengiselwano

Ukufakwa kwezingcingo ezingangeni ukuqhuma kuvunyelwe ngokwezentengiselwano ezindaweni lapho amathuba okuba khona kwesimo sezulu esiqhumayo edinga ukulandelwa ngokuqinile kwemithetho yendawo eyingozi. Izindawo zokuhlanza, izindawo zokucubungula amakhemikhali, ama-elevator okusanhlamvu, kanyeimisebenzi yokumba ngaphansi komhlabaimele imikhakha eyinhloko yokwamukelwa. Ngenkathi izindleko zokuqala zemali (i-CapEx) zedivayisi evikela ukuqhuma ziphakeme kakhulu kunezemishini ejwayelekile yezimboni, ukutshalwa kwezimali kuqinisekiswa ngokunciphisa umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu, ukuhambisana nezimfuneko zomshuwalense ophoqelekile, kanye nokuvimbela ukumiswa kokusebenza kwezikhungo ezibanzi okuphoqelelwe ngabahloli bezokuphepha.

Ubufakazi Bokuqhuma vs Izingcingo Ezijwayelekile Zezimboni

Umehluko phakathi kobufakazi bokuqhuma kanye nokwejwayelekileucingo lwezimbonis isekelwe kakhulu kufilosofi yabo yokuklama. Ngenkathi amafoni ajwayelekile ezimbonini egxile ngokuphelele ekuqineni—ukumelana nokungena kwamanzi, ukushaqeka, kanye nokugqwala—izinhlobo ezingamelani nokuqhuma zengeza ungqimba oluyimpoqo lokuvimbela ukusha kanye nokuvimbela ukuqhuma kwangaphakathi.

Umklamo we-enclosure kanye nokuvimbela ukuthungela

Izingcingo zezimboni ezijwayelekile zivame ukusebenzisa izivalo ze-polycarbonate noma zensimbi ezijwayelekile ezenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-NEMA 4X noma ze-IP66. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izingcingo ezingaqhumi zinezivalo ezisindayo ezenziwe nge-aluminium alloy engenathusi, insimbi engagqwali, noma i-Glass-Reinforced Polyester (GRP) ekhethekile enobukhulu bodonga obuvame ukwedlula u-15mm. Isici esichazayo sobunjiniyela "indlela yomlilo." Uma igesi eqhumayo ingena esivaloni futhi ishiswa yisakhi sikagesi sangaphakathi, indlela yomlilo isebenza njengesikhala esinembile kakhulu somshini. Lesi sikhala siphoqa amagesi akhulayo, avuthayo ukuba aphole ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lokushisa lomkhathi wangaphandle ngaphambi kokuba aphume esivaloni.

Imininingwane yokusebenza ebalulekile

Imininingwane yokusebenza yamayunithi angaqhumi kumele ilinganise ukuphepha nokuthembeka kokusebenza ezindaweni ezinomsindo ophezulu. Lawa madivayisi ngokuvamile afaka i-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) edlula amahora angu-50,000 ukuze kuncishiswe ukungenelela kokulungisa ezindaweni eziyingozi. Ukusebenza kwe-acoustic nakho kubalulekile; amafoni angaqhumi avame ukuhlonyiswa ngamamakrofoni akhansela umsindo kanye nama-amplifier ahlanganisiwe akwazi ukuletha amavolumu e-ringer asukela ku-85 dB kuya ku-110 dB, okuqinisekisa ukuthi kuzwakala kahle emishinini esindayo. Ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa okusebenza kubanzi kakhulu, ngokuvamile kulinganiswa kusuka ku--40°C kuya ku-+70°C, kanti amafoni ajwayelekile ezimboni awavamile ukusebenza ngokwethembeka ngaphezu kwe--20°C kuya ku-+55°C.

Amaphuzu okuqhathanisa eceleni

Ukuze kuboniswe ngokucacile ukuhlukana kobunjiniyela, i-matrix elandelayo iqhathanisa izimfanelo eziyinhloko zamadivayisi okuxhumana ezimbonini ajwayelekile ngokumelene namadivayisi avikela ukuqhuma.

Izidingo Zokuthobela Imithetho Nezitifiketi

Ukuthenga imishini yezindawo eziyingozi kulawulwa yizinhlaka zomthetho eziqinile. Ucingo olungangeni ukuqhuma luqashelwa kuphela njengoba lunjalo uma lunezitifiketi ezifanele eziqinisekiswe yizindawo zokuhlola ezigunyaziwe zabantu besithathu. Ukuziqinisekisa ngokwakho akuvumelekile ngokomthetho emishinini esetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinobungozi obukhulu.

Izindinganiso ze-ATEX, i-IECEx, i-NEC, i-UL, kanye nezifunda

Izinhlaka zomthetho zomhlaba wonke zibeka amazinga athile okuqinisekisa ngokusekelwe endaweni kanye nohlobo lwesikhungo. EYurophu nakwamanye amazwe, amazinga e-ATEX kanye ne-IECEx ayasebenza, ehlukanisa izindawo ngezigaba. Isitifiketi se-Zone 1 sibonisa ukuthi idivayisi iphephile ezindaweni lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi kube khona izimo eziqhumayo ekusebenzeni okuvamile (ngokuvamile zikhona phakathi kwamahora ayi-10 no-1,000 ngonyaka). ENyakatho Melika, i-National Electrical Code (NEC) kanye ne-Underwriters Laboratories (UL) zisebenzisa uhlelo lwe-Class/Division, lapho i-Class I, i-Division 1 imelela indawo efanayo enobungozi obukhulu. Izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe eziyisisekelo, njengochungechunge lwe-IEC 60079, zilawula amapharamitha okuhlola anembile ezindawo ezivalekile ezingashisi umlilo (Ex d) kanye nezindawo eziphephile zangaphakathi (Ex i).

Amadokhumenti abathengi okufanele bawaqinisekise

Ochwepheshe bokuthenga kanye nonjiniyela besayithi kumele baqinisekise ngokucophelela imibhalo yesitifiketi ngaphambi kokufakwa. Imibhalo ebalulekile ifaka phakathi iSimemezelo Sokuhambisana (i-DoC) kanye nesitifiketi esisemthethweni esikhishwe yiNhlangano Eyaziswayo (njenge-TÜV, i-PTB, noma i-UL). Abathengi kumele babhekisele ku-"Ex marking" ethile ku-nameplate yedivayisi (isb., i-Ex db eb IIC T6 Gb) kanye nedokhumenti yokuhlukaniswa kwendawo eyingozi yesikhungo. I-"T-Class" (I-Temperature Class) ibaluleke kakhulu; isilinganiso se-T6 siqinisekisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa langaphandle lefoni ngeke lidlule ku-85°C, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ayikwazi ukukhanyisa amagesi anezinga lokushisa eliphansi lokukhanyisa ngokuzenzakalelayo, njenge-carbon disulfide.

Ukufakwa, Izindleko Zomjikelezo Wokuphila, kanye Nokugcinwa

Izindleko Zobunikazi Eziphelele (i-TCO) zokuxhumana ngocingo ezingaqhumi zidlulela ngale kwentengo yokuqala yokuthenga. Imininingwane, izinqubo zokufaka ezikhethekile, kanye namashejuli okulungisa aqinile kuthinta kakhulu umnotho womjikelezo wokuphila kohlelo.

Indlela yokucacisa ifoni efanele

Ukucacisa idivayisi efanele kudinga ukuvumelanisa ubuchwepheshe nengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi ebanzi yesikhungo. Abathengi kumele bakhethe phakathi kwezinhlelo zendabuko ze-analog, ezivame ukudinga izintambo zethusi ezizinikele, kanye nezesimanje.Izingcingo ze-VoIP/SIPAmamodeli e-VoIP asebenzisa amanethiwekhi e-Ethernet akhona futhi avame ukusebenzisa i-Power over Ethernet (PoE), okunciphisa isidingo samapayipi kagesi ahlukene. Ngenkathi amafoni ajwayelekile ezimboni evame ukubiza phakathi kuka-$300 no-$800, amamodeli angavimbeli ukuqhuma aqala ku-$1,500 kuya ku-$3,500 ngeyunithi ngayinye kuye ngokuthi izinto ezivalekile kanye nephrothokholi (i-Analog vs. VoIP). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izincazelo kumele zinqume ukuthi ngabe izinto ezihambisanayo, njenge-acoustic hood engavimbeli ukuqhuma noma ama-strobe beacons angaphandle, ayadingeka yini ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesilinganiso sesignali-kuya-kumsindo esingu-15-decibel esidingekayo ezindinganisweni zokuphepha emsebenzini.

Izinto okufanele uzicabangele ekufakweni nasekugcinweni

Ukufakwa ezindaweni eziyingozi kulawulwa yizinqubo eziqinile ezingenakweqiwa. Zonke izinto ezifakiwe ngekhebula kumele zisebenzise izindlala zekhebula eziqinisekisiwe ezingamelani nomlilo, ezivalwe ngamakhemikhali akhethekile ukuvimbela ukuhamba kwegesi ngemigudu yokuxhuma. Indlala eyodwa evalwe ngendlela engafanele ivala isitifiketi sayo yonke idivayisi. Uma isifakiwe, ukulungiswa kulawulwa yizindinganiso ezifana ne-IEC 60079-17, eyalela ukuhlolwa okuvamile. Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo ngokuvamile kuyadingeka njalo ezinyangeni eziyi-6 kuya kweziyi-12, kuyilapho ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe ngokomzimba kwezindlela zomlilo kanye nobuqotho bokumbozwa kumele kwenziwe okungenani njalo ezinyangeni ezingama-36 ngabasebenzi abaqinisekisiwe. Ukwehluleka ukugcina la marekhodi kungabangela izinhlawulo ezinzima zomthetho.

Indlela Abathengi Okufanele Banqume Ngayo

Ukukhetha ihadiwe yokuxhumana efanele kudinga ukuhlolwa okusebenzayo kwezingozi zangempela zendawo uma kuqhathaniswa nesabelomali sokusebenza. Ukucacisa imishini ngokweqile kuholela ekuchithekeni kwemali okungadingekile, kuyilapho ukucacisa okungaphelele kumema izikweletu ezinkulu zomthetho nezokuphepha.

Uma ifoni ejwayelekile yezimboni yanele

Ucingo olujwayelekile lwezimbonikwanele ngokuphelele “Izindawo Eziphephile” eziqokiwe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sezimboni. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amakamelo okulawula aphakathi, amahhovisi okuphatha, izindawo zokuphumula kwabasebenzi, kanye nephansi lokukhiqiza elijwayelekile lapho amathuba okuqongelela igesi noma uthuli oluqhumayo angama-0% LEL kuphela. Amafoni ajwayelekile aqinile ahlinzeka ngokuzivikela okudingekayo emswakama ophezulu, ukuhlanza ngamakhemikhali, kanye nemiphumela yomzimba ngaphandle kwezindleko ezinkulu ezihambisana nokugcinwa kokuqhuma. Uma ukuhlaziywa kwezingozi zesikhungo kuveza indawo njengengahlukaniswanga, ukusebenzisa idivayisi Engalinganiswanga akunikezi inzuzo yokusebenza.

Izindlela zokukhetha zokugcina

Lapho beqeda isu lokuthenga, abathengi kufanele basebenzise i-matrix yezinqumo ehlelekile ukuhlola izidingo ezithile zephuzu ngalinye lokufaka. Izindinganiso eziyinhloko zigxile ekuthobeleni imithetho, ubucayi bemvelo, kanye nokuhambisana kwenethiwekhi.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Iziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesizathu sezingcingo ezivikela ukuqhuma
• Imininingwane, ukuhambisana, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi okufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuthi uzibophezele
• Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezisebenzayo kanye nezixwayiso abafundi abangazisebenzisa ngokushesha

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Kufanele ngikhethe nini ifoni engaqhumi esikhundleni sefoni ejwayelekile yezimboni?

Sebenzisa ucingo olungaqhumi ezindaweni eziyingozi ezinegesi evuthayo, umhwamuko, noma uthuli, njengezindawo zokuhluza, izitshalo zamakhemikhali, izindawo zokusanhlamvu, kanye nezimayini. Amafoni ajwayelekile ezimboni awezindawo ezingeyona ingozi kuphela.

Uyini umehluko omkhulu wokuphepha phakathi kwezingcingo ezingaqhumi kanye nezingcingo zezimboni ezijwayelekile?

Izingcingo ezingaqhumi zakhiwe ukuze zivimbele izinhlansi zangaphakathi noma ukuqhuma futhi zivimbele ukusha ngaphandle kwendawo evalekile. Izingcingo zezimboni ezijwayelekile zihlinzeka ngokuqina emanzini, uthuli, ukushaqeka, kanye nokugqwala.

Yiziphi izitifiketi okufanele ngizihlole ngaphambi kokuthenga ifoni engaqhumi?

Qinisekisa ukuthi ifoni ihambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwesayithi lakho futhi inezimvume ezidingekayo njenge-ATEX, kanye nezilawuli zekhwalithi ezisekelwa yi-CE, i-FCC, i-ROHS, kanye ne-ISO9001 ezifanele. Njalo qinisekisa ukufaneleka kweZone noma iDivision ngaphambi kokufaka.

Ingabe izingcingo ezingaqhumi zifanelekile ezindaweni zezimboni ezinomsindo zangaphandle?

Yebo. Amamodeli amaningi aklanyelwe izindawo ezibucayi ezinezivikelo ze-IP66/IP67, imakrofoni yokukhansela umsindo, kanye nezikhali ezinomsindo ezicishe zibe ngu-85–110 dB, okusiza ukugcina ukuxhumana okucacile eduze kwemishini esindayo.

Kungani ufuna izingcingo ezingangeni ukuqhuma ezivela eSiniwo?

I-Siniwo inikeza izinsizakalo zokuxhumana zezimboni ezitholakala endaweni eyodwa, kusukela ekuklanyweni nasekuhlanganisweni kuya ekufakweni nasekugcinweni. Ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwangaphakathi kwezingxenye eziningi eziyinhloko kusekela ikhwalithi ezinzile, ukulethwa okuthembekile, kanye nokusekelwa kwephrojekthi yomhlaba wonke.