Indlela Izingcingo Eziphuthumayo Ezithuthukisa Ngayo Ingqalasizinda Yokuphepha Komphakathi

Isingeniso

Izindawo zomphakathi zidinga okungaphezu kwama-smartphones omuntu siqu ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela okuthembekile kosizo. Izingcingo eziphuthumayo zengeza ungqimba lokuxhumana oluqinile, olubonakalayo, noluqinile oluhlala lutholakala lapho amanethiwekhi eselula eminyana, amabhethri ehluleka, noma abafonayo bengakwazi ukuchaza ngokucacile indawo yawo. Inani labo lidlula ukulula: basekela ukuthunyelwa okusheshayo, baqinisa izibopho zomsebenzi wokunakekela amakhampasi, izinhlelo zokuhamba, kanye nomasipala, futhi bakha izindawo zokuxhumana ezinokwethenjelwa ngesikhathi sezigameko zokucindezeleka okukhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi izingcingo eziphuthumayo zingena kanjani engqalasizinda yesimanje yokuphepha komphakathi, lapho ziletha khona inzuzo enkulu yokusebenza, nokuthi kungani zihlala zibalulekile ngisho nasenkathini ebuswa amadivayisi eselula.

Kungani Izingcingo Eziphuthumayo Zibalulekile Ekuphepheni Komphakathi

Izingcingo eziphuthumayo zimelela ungqimba oluyisisekelo lwengqalasizinda yokuphepha komphakathi, zisebenza njengezindawo zokuxhumana ezizinikele, ezibonakala kakhulu ezigwema ubuthakathaka bamadivayisi eselula omuntu siqu. Njengoba omasipala, iziphathimandla zezokuthutha, kanye nabaphathi bekhampasi behlola ukuma kwabo kokuphepha, ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo zokuxhumana eziqinile kusalokhu kuyisu elibalulekile lokunciphisa ubungozi nokuqinisekisa impendulo esheshayo yezimo eziphuthumayo.

Nakuba ubunikazi be-smartphone obutholakala yonke indawo bushintshe indlela abantu abafinyelela ngayo izinsizakalo eziphuthumayo, imiyalelo yemisebenzi yokunakekela izikhungo idinga izindlela eziphephile. Izingcingo eziphuthumayo zinikeza umzila wokuphila osheshayo, oqaphela indawo ohlangana kalula nezikhungo zokuthumela ezihlanganisiwe, osungula umgogodla wokuxhumana oqinile ezindaweni zomphakathi.

Indlela izingcingo eziphuthumayo ezithuthukisa ngayo ukuqina lapho amanethiwekhi eselula ehluleka

Ukuthembela kumanethiwekhi eselula yabathengi kuletha ubuthakathaka obukhulu ngesikhathi sezinkinga zendawo. Ngesikhathi sezehlakalo zokulimala kwabantu abaningi, izinhlekelele zemvelo, noma isimo sezulu esibi, amanethiwekhi eselula ebhizinisi avame ukubhekana nokuminyana, okwehlisa amazinga empumelelo yokushaya ucingo abe ngaphansi kuka-20% ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadivayisi eselula athembele emandleni ebhethri kanye nemibhoshongo yamaselula yendawo, kokubili okungase kuhluleke ngesikhathi sokuphela kukagesi isikhathi eside.

Izingcingo eziphuthumayo ezixhunywe ngocingo, ngokuphambene nalokho, zisebenza ezindleleni zokuxhumana ezihlukanisiwe. Imigqa ye-analog ingadonsa ugesi ngqo ehhovisi eliphakathi, kuyilapho izinhlelo zesimanje ze-Voice over IP (VoIP) zisebenzisa i-Power over Ethernet (PoE) esekelwa yizinto zamandla ezingaphazamiseki (i-UPS) kanye nokwehliswa kwejeneretha. Lokhu kwehlukaniswa kwezakhiwo kuqinisekisa ukuthi lapho amanethiwekhi ezentengiselwano ehluleka, ingqalasizinda yokuphepha komphakathi ihlala isebenza ngokugcwele futhi ikwazi ukuhambisa izingcingo zokucindezeleka kubasebenzi bezimo eziphuthumayo ngaphandle kokulibala.

Yiziphi izindawo zomphakathi ezizuza kakhulu ngocingo oluphuthumayo

Izindawo zomphakathi ezinabantu abaningi kanye nezindawo ezikude ngokwendawo zithola usizo olukhulu ezindaweni zokuxhumana eziphuthumayo ezizinikele. Izindawo zokuhamba, okuhlanganisa iziteshi zesitimela ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zezindiza, zivame ukuba nezinkinga zokungena kahle kwamaselula, okwenza izindawo zokugcina eziqinile zibe yinto ebalulekile. Ngokufanayo, amakhampasi amakhulu aseyunivesithi kanye nezikhungo zezokwelapha zisebenzisa imibhoshongo yezimo eziphuthumayo "ebonakala kakhulu" ukuvimbela ubugebengu nokunikeza ukufinyelela okusheshayo ekuphepheni kwekhampasi.

Ezindaweni ezikude njengezindawo zokupaka zezwe, amabhokisi okubiza abantu emigwaqweni emikhulu, kanyeizikhungo zezimboni, izingcingo eziphuthumayo zivala izikhala ezinkulu zokuxhuma. Idatha ikhombisa ukuthi amakhampasi ahlonyiswe ngamanethiwekhi ocingo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka afinyelela izikhathi zokuphendula zokuphepha ezingaphansi kwemizuzwana engama-90, okuhlukile kakhulu kumaminithi ama-3 kuya kwangu-5 avame ukudingeka lapho kudluliswa izingcingo ngezikhungo zokuthumela zikamasipala ze-911 ngaphambi kokufinyelela ukuphepha kwekhampasi yendawo.

Izidingo Zobuchwepheshe Nezokusebenza Zezingcingo Eziphuthumayo

Ukucaciswa kanye nokukhethwa kwezingcingo eziphuthumayo kudinga ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe okuqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kokusebenza ezindaweni ezinonya. Ama-endpoints anamuhla ashintshe kusukela kumasekethe alula e-analog kuya kumadivayisi ayinkimbinkimbi, axhunywe kunethiwekhi akwazi ukuzihlola, ukuhlanganiswa kwevidiyo, kanye nokusakaza ngobuningi.

Yiziphi izici eziyinhloko ezibaluleke kakhulu ocingweni oluphuthumayo

Ukuqinisekisa ukusinda, izingcingo eziphuthumayo kumele zihlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile zemvelo nokuqina. Izilinganiso zokuvikela ukungena (i-IP) zibaluleke kakhulu; amayunithi angaphandle ngokuvamile adinga isitifiketi se-IP66 noma se-IP67 ukuze amelane nemvula enkulu, uthuli, kanye namajethi amanzi aqondile. Ngokufanayo, ukumelana nomthelela kulinganiswa ngesikali se-IK, lapho ukuthunyelwa komphakathi okuyingozi kakhulu kudinga izilinganiso ze-IK09 noma ze-IK10 ukuze kusindiswe imizamo yokucekelwa phansi okukhulu kusetshenziswa amathuluzi noma amandla abukhali.

Amazinga okushisa okusebenza kumele avumelane nezimo zezulu ezibucayi zesifunda, ngamayunithi ebanga lezimboni acacisiwe ukuthi asebenze kahle kusukela ku--40°C kuya ku-+70°C. Ngaphezu kwalokho, onjiniyela bokuthembeka bafuna i-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) edlula amahora angu-50,000. Ukusebenza kwe-acoustic kubaluleke ngokulinganayo; ukuxhumana okuphindwe kabili okugcwele nokukhanselwa komsindo ozungezile okusebenzayo kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukucaca kwezwi ezindaweni lapho umsindo wangemuva uvame ukudlula ama-decibel angu-85, njengasezitimeleni ezisebenzayo noma imigwaqo emikhulu.

Indlela izingcingo eziphuthumayo ze-analog, i-VoIP, iselula, kanye nenethiwekhi eziqhathaniswa ngayo

Ubuchwepheshe bokudlulisa obuyisisekelo bulawula ukusabalala kwesistimu, izidingo zamandla, kanye namakhono okuhlanganisa. Imboni okwamanje idlula ekufudukeni okukhulu isuka kwingqalasizinda yethusi endala iye kwizixazululo ezisekelwe ku-IP.

Izinhlangano kumele zilinganise lo mehluko wezakhiwo ngokuqhathanisa nengqalasizinda yazo ekhona. Ngenkathi i-VoIP inikeza isethi yezici eziqinile kakhulu zokuhlanganiswa kwebhizinisi, izixazululo zamaselula zivame ukuveza imodeli yokuthunyelwa engabizi kakhulu yemingcele ekude lapho ukugoqa i-fiber kuvinjelwe ngokwezimali.

Yiziphi izindlela ezisiza abathengi ukuthi bahlole izinhlelo zocingo eziphuthumayo

Lapho behlola ukwakheka kwesistimu, abathengi kumele bahlole kokubili imikhawulo yokufakwa ngokomzimba kanye ne-ecosystem yesofthiwe. Ukulethwa kwamandla kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu; kuyilapho i-PoE yenza ukufakwa kube lula ngokuhlanganisa amandla nedatha, i-Ethernet ejwayelekile ikhawulelwe ekusebenzeni kwekhebula okungamamitha ayi-100. Ukwelula ngale kwalokhu kudinga ikhebula le-fiber optic elinama-media converters noma i-power injection yendawo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthobela imithetho ejwayelekile akunakuxoxiswana ngakho. Abathengi kufanele baphoqelele ukunamathela ezindinganisweni ze-open Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) kunezinqubo zokuxhumana ezizimele.Vula i-SIPiqinisekisa ukuthi izingcingo eziphuthumayo zingabhalisa cishe kunoma iyiphi i-Private Branch Exchange (PBX) yesimanje noma ipulatifomu yokuxhumana ehlanganisiwe, ivimbela ukuvalelwa kwabathengisi futhi yandise umjikelezo wokuphila osebenzayo wokutshalwa kwezimali kwehadiwe.

Ukuthobela Imithetho, Ukuphathwa Kwengozi, kanye Nokuhlanganiswa Kwesistimu

Ukuzulazula endaweni yokulawula kuyisigaba esibalulekile sokusetshenziswa kocingo oluphuthumayo. Ukwehluleka ukulandela imiyalelo yendawo, kahulumeni, kanye neyemboni ethile akugcini nje ngokuphazamisa ukuphepha komphakathi kodwa futhi kubeka izinhlangano ezikweletini ezinkulu zomthetho nezezezimali.

Yimaphi amakhodi, imithetho yokufinyeleleka, kanye nezimfuneko zomsebenzi wokunakekela ezisebenzayo

E-United States, uMthetho WaseMelika Okhubazekile (i-ADA) ubeka imingcele eqinile yomzimba kanye nokusebenza kwamadivayisi okuxhumana okuphuthumayo. Ihadiwe kumele ifakwe ukuze izingxenye ezisebenzayo, njengezinkinobho zokucindezela, zibekwe phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-15 no-48 ngaphezu kwephansi eliqediwe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nabasebenzisi bezihlalo zabakhubazekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, la madivayisi kumele anikeze ukusebenza okungenazandla, izimpawu zeBraille ezithintekayo, kanye nezinkomba ezibonakalayo (njenge-strobe noma i-LED) ukuze kuqashelwe ukuthi ucingo luxhunywe kulabo abanenkinga yokuzwa.

Ngale kwe-ADA, amakhodi okwakha athile afana ne-NFPA 72 alawula ukusinda kwamasekethe okuxhumana okuphuthumayo, ngokuvamile adinga izintambo ezilinganiselwa emahoreni amabili ezikhungweni eziphakeme. Emkhakheni we-lifti, i-ASME A17.1 kanye ne-European standard EN 81-28 zigunyaza ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwemigqa kanye namakhono okuxhumana ngezindlela ezimbili. Izinhlangano ezihluleka ukuhlangabezana nalezi zindinganiso zokufinyeleleka kanye nokuphepha zibhekene nengozi enkulu; ukwephulwa kwe-ADA okokuqala kungabangela izinhlawulo zomphakathi zikahulumeni ezidlula u-$75,000, kanye namacala omphakathi angaba khona avela ekuhlulekeni emsebenzini wokunakekela.

Indlela izingcingo eziphuthumayo okufanele zihlangane ngayo nezinhlelo zokuthumela nezaziso

Izingcingo zesimanje eziphuthumayo azisezona amadivayisi azimele; zisebenza njengezimbangela ezibalulekile ngaphakathi kohlelo olubanzi lokuphepha oluhlangene. Zisebenzisa amaphrothokholi e-SIP avulekile kanye nama-Application Programming Interfaces (API), lawa ma-endpoints ahlangana kalula ne-centralized Video Management Systems (VMS) kanye namapulatifomu okulawula ukufinyelela okungokoqobo.

Uma umsebenzisi ecindezela inkinobho yokuphuthumayo, uhlelo lungaqondisa ngokuzenzakalelayo amakhamera okuqapha e-Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) ukuthi afinyelele endaweni yedivayisi, ngokuvamile ngaphakathi kwama-millisecond angu-500. Lokhu kunikeza abathumeli ulwazi lwesimo ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuthi bakhulume nomuntu oshaya ucingo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zesaziso esikhulu kuvumela abasebenzi bezokuphepha ukuthi basebenzise i-high-decibelizikhulumi zenkulumo yomphakathiyakhelwe emibhoshongweni eminingi yezimo eziphuthumayo ukuze isakaze imiyalelo yokuphuma nomaizexwayiso zesimo sezulu esibingaphesheya kwekhampasi noma isikhungo sezokuthutha.

Izindlela Ezinhle Zokuthenga, Ukuthunyelwa, kanye Nokulungisa

Ukuthengwa nokusetshenziswa kahle kwezingcingo eziphuthumayo kudinga indlela yokuphatha umjikelezo wokuphila. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kwendawo kuya ezinqubweni zokulungisa eziqhubekayo, ukuhlela ngokucophelela kuqinisekisa ukuthi ingqalasizinda ihlala ithembekile futhi ingabizi kakhulu eminyakeni eyishumi kuya kweyishumi nanhlanu yokuphila kwayo okulindelwe.

Yiziphi izinyathelo okufanele zilandelwe yizinhlangano zokuhlola nokusabalalisa indawo

Ukusebenzisa inethiwekhi yocingo oluphuthumayo kuqala ngokuhlolwa okuphelele kwendawo okugxile ekuboneni, ekufinyelelekeni, kanye nokutholakala kwengqalasizinda. Abahleli kumele bahlele izindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu, njengezakhiwo zokupaka ezihlukanisiwe, izindlela zokuhamba zabahamba ngezinyawo, kanye namazinga okuhamba angaphansi komhlaba. Isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa esijwayelekile emagaraji okupaka sidinga ukubeka ifoni eyodwa ephuthumayo njalo ngamamitha angu-200, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzisi akakaze abe ngaphezu kokuhamba ibanga elifushane ukusuka osizweni nokuthi amadivayisi asebenza njengesivikelo esibonakalayo esiqhubekayo emisebenzini yobugebengu.

Ngesikhathi sokuhlola, onjiniyela kumele bahlonze izindlela zomsele ezikhona, ukutholakala kwamandla, kanye ne-topology yenethiwekhi. Izifundo zokubona ngomugqa zibalulekile ezindaweni zangaphandle, ikakhulukazi lapho kusetshenziswa imibhoshongo yamaselula eqhutshwa yilanga, ukuqinisekisa ukuchayeka elangeni okwanele kanye nokubekwa kahle kwe-antenna ukuze kubuyiselwe emuva kwamaseli. Ukuhlolwa kwesayithi okuningiliziwe kuvimbela ama-oda okushintsha abizayo ngesikhathi sesigaba sokufaka futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukufakwa kokugcina kuhlangabezana nezinhloso zokumbozwa kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho.

Yikuphi umshayeli wezindleko, amamodeli esevisi, kanye nezinqubo zokulungisa ezibaluleke kakhulu

Izindleko Zobunikazi Eziphelele (i-TCO) zezingcingo eziphuthumayo zidlulela ngale kokuthengwa kwehadiwe kokuqala. Izinhlangano kumele zibhekane nokufakwa kwemisele, ukufakwa kwezintambo, ukulayisensa, kanye nokulungiswa okuqhubekayo.

Ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokulungisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka, izinhlangano kumele zisebenzise izindlela zokuqapha ezizenzakalelayo. Izingcingo zesimanje eziphuthumayo ze-VoIP zisekela ukuvota kwe-SIP okuzenzakalelayo, okushaya ucingo njalo emahoreni ayi-12 kuya kwangu-24 ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi, ukusebenza kwemakrofoni, kanye nobuqotho besipikha. Leli khono lokuxilonga kude linciphisa kakhulu isidingo sokuhlolwa ngesandla, mathupha, kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukuthi uhlelo lukulungele ukusebenza ngesikhathi senhlekelele.

Indlela Yokubeka Eqhulwini Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Eziphuthumayo Ngocingo

Ukwabiwa kwezinsizakusebenza zengqalasizinda yokuphepha komphakathi kudinga indlela ehlelekile yokulinganisela izidingo zokuphepha ezisheshayo nokuzinza kwezezimali kwesikhathi eside. Ukubeka phambili ukutshalwa kwezimali eziphuthumayo ngocingo kuhilela ukuhlola amaphrofayili engozi, izingcindezi zomthetho, kanye nomzila wezobuchwepheshe embonini yezokuxhumana.

Yiluphi uhlaka lwezinqumo olulinganisela ukumbozwa, ukuthobela imithetho, ingozi, kanye nesabelomali

Uhlaka oluqinile lwezinqumo luqala nge-matrix yengozi yendawo, ehlela amathuba ezigameko zokuphepha ngokumelene nomthelela ongaba khona ekuphepheni kwabantu. Izindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu nezingabonakali kahle—njengemingcele yekhampasi ekude, izitebhisi ezingaqashwe, kanye namapulatifomu okuhamba ebusuku kakhulu—kumele athole ukubekwa phambili ngokushesha kokusetshenziswa kwehadiwe.

Imikhawulo yesabelomali ivame ukunquma ukuqaliswa kwezigaba. Njengoba izinhlelo zemibhoshongo ezihlanganiswe ngokugcwele zibiza ngaphezu kuka-$5,000 kuya ku-$8,000 nge-endpoint ngayinye lapho kufakwa imisele kanye nokuthululwa kokhonkolo, izinhlangano kumele zilinganisele ukumbozwa okuhle kakhulu neqiniso lezezimali. Indlela ehlanganisiwe ivame ukuveza imiphumela emihle kakhulu: ukufaka imibhoshongo ebonakala kakhulu, enezintambo eziqinile emigwaqweni eyinhloko yabahamba ngezinyawo, ehambisana namayunithi eselula angabizi kakhulu, afakwe odongeni ezindaweni zesibili. Lokhu kulinganisela umsebenzi wokunakekela nemikhawulo yezindleko zemali.

Yikuphi ukuthuthukiswa kanye nezinketho zokuthenga ezisekela inani lesikhathi eside

Inani lesikhathi eside lincike kakhulu ezinqumweni zokuthenga ezenziwe namuhla, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokususwa kwengqalasizinda endala.I-oda le-FCC 19-72, okuvumela izinkampani zenethiwekhi ukuthi zihoxise amanethiwekhi ethusi asebekhulile, ukutshala imali emigqeni emisha ye-POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) kuyisu lempahla elilahlekile. Izinhlangano kumele zibeke phambili ukuthengwa kwama-endpoints asekelwe ku-IP noma eselula ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana okuya phambili.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu kufanele kugxile kwihadiwe yezakhiwo ezivulekile. Ngokukhetha amadivayisi ahambisana ne-SIP angadingi amaseva angemuva azimele, izinhlangano zigcina ukuguquguquka kokushintsha abahlinzeki bazo bezokuxhumana noma amapulatifomu e-VMS esikhathini esizayo ngaphandle kokuklebhula nokufaka esikhundleni ama-endpoints angokoqobo. Lokhu kuzibophezela ekusebenzeni ngokubambisana kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso kukhulisa umjikelezo wokuphila kokutshalwa kwezimali, okuqinisekisa ukuthi inethiwekhi yocingo oluphuthumayo ihlala iyitshe eliyisisekelo eliqinile neliguquguqukayo lengqalasizinda yokuphepha komphakathi amashumi eminyaka.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Iziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesizathu sezingcingo eziphuthumayo
• Imininingwane, ukuhambisana, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi okufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuthi uzibophezele
• Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezisebenzayo kanye nezixwayiso abafundi abangazisebenzisa ngokushesha

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Kungani kufanele ufake izingcingo eziphuthumayo uma abantu abaningi benama-smartphone?

Banikeza indawo yokushaya ucingo eqondile, ebonakalayo, neqonda indawo esasebenza lapho amabhethri eselula efa noma amanethiwekhi eselula eminyana.

Kukuphi lapho izingcingo eziphuthumayo zisebenza kahle khona kakhulu?

Basebenza kangcono ezindaweni zokuhamba, emakhampasi, emigwaqweni emikhulu, emapaki, nasezindaweni zezimboni lapho ukumbozwa kubuthakathaka khona, amabanga amakhulu, noma impendulo esheshayo yendawo ibalulekile.

Yiziphi izici okufanele ucingo oluphuthumayo lwangaphandle lube nazo?

Funa okungenani i-IP66/IP67, i-IK09/IK10, umsindo ocacile we-duplex, kanye nobubanzi bokusebenza obufana no--40°C kuya ku-+70°C ukuze uthole isevisi yangaphandle ethembekile.

Ingabe kufanele ngikhethe izingcingo eziphuthumayo ze-analog noma ze-VoIP?

Sebenzisa i-analog lapho ukuqina okusebenza ngomugqa kubalulekile futhi kukhona ithusi. Khetha i-VoIP/SIP ukuze kube lula ukuhlanganisa, ukuqapha, kanye nokukhulisa ngamanethiwekhi asekelwa yi-PoE.

Ingabe izingcingo eziphuthumayo zaseSiniwo zingasetshenziswa ezindaweni eziyingozi noma ezinzima?

Yebo. I-Siniwo inikeza imikhiqizo yokuxhumana ephuthumayo engamelani nesimo sezulu kanye nengamelani nokuqhuma kwezezimayini, uwoyela negesi, ezokuthutha, ezolwandle, kanye nezinye izindawo ezidinga usizo.