Izimboni Eziphezulu Ezidinga Izingcingo Ezivikela Ukuqhuma

Isingeniso

Ezindaweni lapho amagesi avuthayo, umusi, noma uthuli oluvuthayo kuyingxenye yokusebenza okuvamile, imishini yokuxhumana kumele yakhelwe ukuqeda ingozi yokushisa. Izingcingo ezingaqhumi zifeza leyo ndima ngokuvumela ukuxhumana ngezwi okuthembekile ezindaweni eziyingozi ngenkathi zihlangabezana nezidingo zokuphepha eziqinile kanye nokuthobela imithetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimboni ezithembele kakhulu kulawa madivayisi, kusukela ku-oyili negesi kuya ekucutshungulweni kwamakhemikhali kanye nokumbiwa kwemigodi, futhi sichaza ukuthi kungani izimo zazo zokusebenza zenza izingcingo ezikhethekile zibe ezibalulekile. Ekugcineni, abafundi bazoqonda ukuthi izingcingo ezingaqhumi zisetshenziswa kuphi kakhulu nokuthi zisekela kanjani kokubili ukuphepha kwabasebenzi kanye nokuqhubeka kokusebenza.

Kungani Izingcingo Ezivikela Ukuqhuma Zibalulekile Ezindaweni Ezinengozi Enkulu

Emikhakheni yezimboni lapho ukuba khona kwamagesi aguquguqukayo, uthuli oluvuthayo, noma umhwamuko ovuthayo kuyinto eyenzeka nsuku zonke, imishini yokuxhumana ejwayelekile ibeka ingozi yokusha engamukeleki.Amafoni angangenwa ukuqhumazenzelwe ngqo ukuvimbela izifunda zikagesi ngaphakathi kwedivayisi ukuthi zingakhiqizi inhlansi noma umcimbi wokushisa okwazi ukukhanyisa umoya ozungezile. Lezi zindawo zokuxhumana ezikhethekile azizona nje izesekeli; ziyimpahla ebalulekile yokuphepha kokuphila kanye nokusebenza efunwa yizinhlaka zomthetho zomhlaba wonke.

Ukufakwa kwamadivayisi okuxhumana angaqhumi kwakha umgogodla wempendulo ephuthumayo kanye nokuxhumana kwansuku zonke kokusebenza ezindaweni ezinobungozi obukhulu. Ngokufaka izingxenye zangaphakathi ezindaweni ezisindayo, ezingashisi umlilo noma ngokusebenzisa izifunda eziphephile ezingaphakathi ezikhawulela ukudluliselwa kwamandla emazingeni angenangozi, lawa mafoni aqinisekisa ukuthi imigqa yokuxhumana ebalulekile ihlala ivulekile ngisho nangesikhathi semicimbi yesikhungo esibi.

Indlela abanciphisa ngayo ingozi yokusebenza kanye nesikhathi sokungasebenzi

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wocingo olungaqhumi ukuqeda idivayisi njengomthombo ongaba khona wokushisa, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe kakhulu izingozi zokusebenza eziyinhlekelele. Amafoni ajwayelekile ezimboni athembele kuma-switch-hook omshini kanye ne-circuitry engavikelwe engagobhoza kalula ngesikhathi sokujikeleza kwendandatho noma lapho i-handset iphakanyiswa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amamodeli angaqhumi asebenzisa ama-switch e-magnetic reed angenazo izingxenye ezinyakazayo kanye nama-electronics avaliwe ngogesi. Lokhu kushintsha kwezakhiwo kuvimbela ama-spark amancane angabangela ukuqhuma endaweni enegesi egxile kakhulu.

Ngaphandle kokuvimbela izinhlekelele, lawa madivayisi athinta ngqo isikhathi sokusebenza kwesikhungo. Izindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu zivame ukubhekana nokudlidliza okukhulu, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nokuvezwa okulimazayo okubangela ukuthi izinto zobuchwepheshe ezivamile zingasebenzi ngokushesha. Izingcingo ezingamelani nokuqhuma kwezimboni zivame ukulinganiselwa ku-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) edlula amahora angu-50,000. Ngokunciphisa amazinga okwehluleka kwemishini, abaphathi bezitshalo bangagwema ukumiswa komsebenzi okuhlobene nokuxhumana, okungenza izindleko zesikhathi sokungasebenzi zidlule u-$100,000 ngehora emikhakheni efana nokumba ogwini lolwandle.

Kungani ukuxhumana ezindaweni eziyingozi sekuyiyona nto eza kuqala ebhizinisini manje

Okwakubhekwa njengokufanele ngokomlando njengezidingo zokuthobela imithetho, ukuxhumana kwezindawo eziyingozi kuye kwashintsha kwaba yizinto ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni okunecebo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezingcingo zanamuhla ezingavumeli ukuqhuma kumapulatifomu okuxhumana ahlanganisiwe ahlanganisiwe kuvumela ukuqapha izikhungo ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokusakaza okuphuthumayo okuzenzakalelayo. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuqinisekisa ukuthi isigameko sendawo singadala izexwayiso ezisheshayo, ezisebenza endaweni yonke ngaphandle kokungenelela ngesandla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlela kwesimanje kokuxhumana okunesu kudinga ukutholakala okungu-99.99% kwengqalasizinda ebalulekile yokuphepha. Ngokusebenzisa izingcingo ezingangeni ukuqhuma ze-Voice over IP (VoIP) eziqashwe yinethiwekhi, abaqhubi begumbi lokulawula bangahlola impilo yedivayisi ngokuqhubekayo, bebona ngokushesha amayunithi angaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi noma amaphutha ekhebula ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke isimo esiphuthumayo. Le ndlela yokuqapha ishintsha ukuxhumana kwendawo okuyingozi kusuka kunethi yokuphepha engasebenzi iye engxenyeni esebenzayo, yokuqoqa ubuhlakani yokuphathwa kwezingozi zezimboni.

Izimboni Ezidinga Ucingo Oluvikela Ukuqhuma Kakhulu

Isidingo sezingcingo ezingaqhumi sigxile ezimbonini lapho ukugcwala kwezinto ezivuthayo emoyeni kufinyelela khona njalo emikhawulweni yokuqhuma. Le mikhakha isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho eqinile yezemvelo nokuphepha enquma uhlobo oluqondile lwemishini yokuxhumana evunyelwe ezindaweni eziyingozi eziqokiwe.

Izicelo zikawoyela negesi, i-petrochemical, kanye nezindawo zokuhluza

Iimboni kawoyela negesi, okuhlanganisa ukukhipha igesi phezulu, ukuthuthwa okuphakathi, kanye nokuhlanzwa okungezansi komfula, kumelela umthengi omkhulu wezokuxhumana ezingaqhumi. Kulezi zikhungo, amagesi e-hydrocarbon afana ne-methane, i-propane, ne-hydrogen atholakala yonke indawo. Izingcingo ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni zokugaya ezisogwini noma eziteshini zokupompa igesi kumele zihlangabezane nezigaba ze-Zone 1 noma ze-Class I, Division 1, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zingasebenza ngokuphephile ezindaweni lapho kungenzeka khona ukuxubana kwegesi eqhumayo ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile.

Izitshalo ze-Petrochemical zibhekene nezinselele ezifanayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngenxa yohlu oluhlukahlukene lwamakhemikhali asabelayo acutshungulwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Amadivayisi akulezi zindawo akumelwe nje avimbele ukusha kodwa futhi amelane nokugqwala okukhulu kwamakhemikhali. Ngenxa yalokho, amafoni angaqhumi ezindaweni ze-petrochemical avame ukufakwa ezivalweni ze-Glass Reinforced Polyester (GRP) noma ze-316L zensimbi engagqwali, okuhlinzeka ngesithiyo esibalulekile ngokumelene nemimoya eqhumayo kanye nokuwohloka kwamakhemikhali okunamandla.

Amacala okusetshenziswa kwezimayini, ukucubungula amakhemikhali, olwandle, kanye nokukhiqizwa kukagesi

Nakuba izindawo zikawoyela negesi zikhathazeke kakhulu ngamagesi ashintshashintshayo,imikhakha yezimayini kanye nezolimobabhekene nezingozi ezinkulu ezivela othulini oluvuthayo. Ezimayini zamalahle ezingaphansi komhlaba noma ezindaweni zokucubungula okusanhlamvu, izinto ezilengayo zingavutha ngamandla amakhulu. Izingcingo kule mikhakha kumele zihlangabezane nezindinganiso zokuvikela uthuli ze-Zone 21 noma ze-Zone 22, ezidinga ukuvalwa okukhethekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungena kothuli oluncane ekufinyeleleni izifunda zangaphakathi.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhiqiza ugesi nezolwandle ziletha ezinye izinto ezibangela ukucindezeleka kwemvelo. Iziteshi zomoya ezingaphansi kolwandle kanye nemikhumbi yasolwandle zidinga amadivayisi okuxhumana ahlanganisa izitifiketi zokuvikela ukuqhuma nokumelana nesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Lawa mayunithi kumele amelane nokufuthwa kukasawoti okuqhubekayo, ulwandle olunzima, kanye nokuchayeka ku-UV. Izikhungo zokukhiqiza ugesi, ikakhulukazi lezo eziphatha amalahle acoliwe noma ezisebenzisa i-hydrogen ukupholisa ijeneretha, zidinga ukuvikelwa okufanayo okunezinsongo ezimbili ukuze kugcinwe iziteshi zokuxhumana ezibalulekile ngesikhathi sokucinywa komthwalo noma izinqubo zokuvala eziphuthumayo.

Izimo zokusebenza kanye nezingozi zokusha ezibangela isidingo

Izimo zokusebenza ezithile kanye nohlobo lwengozi yokushisa yizona zinto eziyinhloko ezibangela lapho kukhethwa imishini yokuxhumana efanele. Onjiniyela kumele bahlole iqembu elithile legesi, isigaba sokushisa, kanye nokuvikelwa kokungena okudingekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idivayisi ihambisana nosongo lwemvelo.

Le nhlanganisela yezingozi ilawula ubunjiniyela bezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nogesi befoni. Isibonelo, idivayisi esetshenziswa endaweni yokucubungula i-hydrogen ogwini akumele nje ibe nesilinganiso esiqinile seqembu legesi le-IIC kodwa futhi kumele igcine uphawu lwe-IP67 ngokumelene namajethi amanzi anomfutho ophezulu kanye nokucwiliswa, okuqhuba isidingo sehadiwe ekhethekile kakhulu, enezitifiketi eziningi.

Izici Zobuchwepheshe Nokuthobela Imithetho Okufanele Zihlolwe

Ukuhlola ucingo olungaqhumi kudinga ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwezincazelo zalo zobuchwepheshe kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho. Abathengi bezimboni kumele bafanise izakhiwo ezivalekile, izitifiketi zesifunda, kanye nezinqubo zokuxhumana eziyisisekelo nokwakheka kwesakhiwo sabo esithile.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo eziyingozi kanye nokuvikelwa kwendawo ebiyelwe

Isisekelo sanoma yiluphi ucingo olungaqhumi yi-enclosure yalo, enquma ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo yalo enobungozi. Imishini ngokuvamile ihlukaniswa nge-Zone 0, 1, noma 2 (yegesi) kanye ne-Zone 20, 21, noma 22 (yothuli), kuye ngokuthi ingozi yokuqhuma izoba nini kanye nobude besikhathi. Izingcingo eziningi zezimboni zenzelwe ukuthunyelwa kwe-Zone 1 noma i-Zone 2, kusetshenziswa i-enclosures engashisi ilangabi (Ex d) engaqukatha ukuqhuma kwangaphakathi ngaphandle kokudlulisela ukushisa emoyeni wangaphandle, noma imiklamo yokuphepha eyengeziwe (Ex e) evimbela izinhlansi ngokuphelele.

Ukuvikelwa kokufakwa kwesikhala kudlulela nasekuqineni kwemishini. Amadivayisi ahlolwa ukuthi awanawo yini umthelela, ngokuvamile adinga isilinganiso se-IK10 ukuze amelane nokushaywa ngamathuluzi asindayo noma udoti owela phansi. Izinto ezifana ne-aluminium e-die-cast copper-free noma i-GRP esindayo azikhethwanga nje ngenxa yobuqotho bazo besakhiwo, kodwa ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo zokulwa nokuma, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungqubuzana komsebenzisi osula ifoni akukhiqizi ukukhishwa kwe-electrostatic okukwazi ukusebenza njengomthombo wokushisa.

Izitifiketi, amazinga, kanye nezimfuneko zokuthobela imithetho yesifunda

Ukuthunyelwa kwemishini yokuvikela ukuqhuma emhlabeni wonke kulawulwa isimo esihlukene sezindinganiso zesifunda. EYurophu,isiqondiso se-ATEXkuyisidingo esiqinile somthetho, kuyilapho amaphrojekthi aphesheya kwezilwandle ngokuvamile ebheka uhlelo lwesitifiketi se-IECEx. ENyakatho Melika, izindinganiso ze-UL kanye ne-CSA ziqondisa ukulandelwa ngaphansi kohlelo lweClass and Division. Ucingo olusezingeni eliphezulu oluvikela ukuqhuma luvame ukuba nezitifiketi ezimbili noma ezintathu ukuvumela ukuthengwa okujwayelekile kuwo wonke umkhondo wenkampani yamazwe ngamazwe emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinga lokushisa kuyisilinganiso esibalulekile sokuthobela imithetho esivame ukunganakwa. Amadivayisi alinganiswa kusukela ku-T1 kuya ku-T6 ngokusekelwe ekushiseni kwawo okuphezulu kobuso ngaphansi kwezimo zamaphutha. Isilinganiso se-T6 siqine kakhulu, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ubuso bangaphandle befoni ngeke budlule ku-85°C. Lokhu kuyimpoqo uma usebenza ezindaweni eziqukethe amagesi anezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lokusha, njenge-carbon disulfide.

I-Analog vs VoIP kanye namaphuzu okuqhathanisa anezintambo vs angenantambo

Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-analog yakudala kanye nengqalasizinda yesimanje ye-VoIP kushintsha kakhulu amakhono obuchwepheshe okusetshenziswa. Amafoni e-analog asalokhu evame kakhulu ngenxa yobulula bawo kanye nekhono lokusebenza engqalasizinda yethusi enezintambo ezimbili ekhona, edonsa amandla ajwayelekile omugqa we-48V DC ngqo kusuka ku-PBX. Kodwa-ke, awanawo amakhono okuxilonga athuthukile futhi asengozini yomsindo womugqa emabangeni amade.

Izingcingo ze-VoIP (SIP) zimelela indinganiso yesimanje, zisebenzisa ingqalasizinda ye-Ethernet kanye ne-Power over Ethernet (PoE). Amadivayisi e-VoIP anikeza ikhwalithi yomsindo ephezulu, ukuxilongwa okukude kwezinga lenethiwekhi, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo nezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezihlanganisiwe zesimanje.

Amadivayisi angenantambo angaqhumi nawo ayavela emakethe, esebenzisa amabhethri aphephile ngokwemvelo kanye nama-antenna akhethekile. Ngenkathi enikeza ukuhamba okuphezulu, amayunithi angenantambo abhekene nemikhawulo eqinile kumthamo webhethri ukuze alondoloze isitifiketi sawo se-Ex, ngokuvamile avala isikhathi sokukhuluma esiqhubekayo emahoreni angu-8 kuya kwangu-12, okudinga izinqubo zokushaja eziqinile ezisekelwe kushintsho.

Ukuthunyelwa, Ukuthola Imithombo, kanye Nokuhlela Umjikelezo Wokuphila

Ukuthenga nokufaka ocingweni olungaqhumi kuyisenzo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlela esidinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kwe-acoustic kuya emasu okulungisa isikhathi eside, ukuphathwa komjikelezo wokuphila kwala madivayisi kuthinta kakhulu imiphumela yokuphepha kanye nezindleko zesamba semali.

Ukuhlolwa kwendawo kanye nezinyathelo zokufaneleka kwabathengisi

Ngaphambi kokuba ku-odwe idivayisi eyodwa, kumele kwenziwe ucwaningo oluphelele lwendawo ukuze kutholakale kokubili ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo okuyingozi kanye nezinselele zemvelo ezithinta umsindo. Umsindo ozungezile ezindaweni zezimboni ezisindayo uvame ukwedlula ama-90 dB, okwenza izindandatho zocingo ezijwayelekile kanye nama-handset angasebenzi. Ucwaningo lwendawo luthola isidingo semishini esekelayo, njengezibani zangaphandle ezingavumeli ukuqhuma kanye nezimpondo ezikwazi ukukhipha okungaphezulu kuka-110 dB, kanye namamakrofoni okukhansela umsindo ahlanganiswe nefoni.

Iziqu zomthengisi zibaluleke kakhulu. Abathengi kumele baqinisekise ukuthi umenzi unezitifiketi zokuphatha ikhwalithi ezivumelekile nezihlolwayo (njengeI-ISO 9001kanye nezaziso ezithile ze-ATEX Quality Assurance). Ngenxa yohlobo olukhethekile lwala madivayisi, abathengisi bavame ukusebenzisa ubungako be-oda elincane (ama-MOQ) ekulungiselelweni okwenziwe ngokwezifiso, futhi abathengi kufanele balindele izikhathi zokuhola ezijwayelekile zokukhiqiza ezisukela emavikini ayi-6 kuya kwayi-12. Ukuqinisekisa umthengisi oneketanga lokuphakelwa eliqinile kanye nezikhathi zokuhola ezisobala kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukubambezeleka ekuqalisweni kwesikhungo.

Izindleko eziphelele zobunikazi, izingxenye ezisele, kanye nokuhlela ukulungiswa

Izindleko Zobunikazi Eziphelele (i-TCO) zocingo olungaqhumi kakhulu zidlula kakhulu intengo yokuqala yokuthenga, evame ukuba phakathi kuka-$800 no-$2,500 ngeyunithi ngayinye kuye ngezitifiketi kanye nezinqubo ze-IP. Izikhungo kumele zibe nesabelomali sokufakwa okukhethekile, okudinga ukufakwa kwezindlala okuqinisekisiwe, izintambo ezivikelwe, kanye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshwe kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izivalo ezingashisi umlilo ziyagcinwa ngesikhathi sokufakwa.

Ukuhlela ukulungiswa kanye nokugcinwa kwezingxenye ezisele kubalulekile ekulawuleni i-Opex yesikhathi eside. Nakuba izinto zikagesi eziyinhloko zithembeke kakhulu, izingxenye zangaphandle ziyaguga. Izikhungo kufanele zigcine isitokwe sezindawo ezingasetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi izintambo zefoni ezivikelwe—okufanele zilinganiswe amandla okudonsa okungenani angu-1,000 lb—kanye nezingcezu zezindlebe ezifakwa esikhundleni sazo. Ukusungula isimiso sokulungisa esisebenzayo esihlanganisa ukuhlolwa njalo kwezivalo ezivalekile kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-torque kuma-bolt okubopha kuzokwandisa umjikelezo wokuphila kokufakwa esikhathini esidlule iminyaka eyishumi.

Indlela Yokukhetha Ucingo Olufanele Oluvikela Ukuqhuma

Ukukhetha ifoni evikela ukuqhuma kahle kudinga ukulinganisela izibopho zokuphepha eziqinile kanye nesabelomali esisebenziseka kalula kanye nokuthengwa kwempahla. Indlela ehlelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi ihadiwe ekhethiwe ayigcini nje ngokudlulisa ukuhlolwa kwemithetho kodwa futhi isebenza ngokwethembeka ngesikhathi esiphuthumayo esibucayi.

Ukuqondanisa izici zedivayisi nezidingo zokuphepha kanye nokuthengwa

Ukuqondanisa izici zedivayisi nezidingo ezithile zokuphepha kuhilela ukubheka ngale kwesitifiketi esiyisisekelo se-Ex. Isibonelo, ezindaweni lapho abasebenzi begqoka khona amagilavu ​​​​okuzivikela asindayo, ama-keypad amakhulu, athintayo, ensimbi noma izingcingo zokushaya ucingo ngokuzenzakalela (amafoni angenawo ama-keypad) ayadingeka ukuze asetshenziswe ngokushesha.Ukuxhumana okugcwele okuphindwe kabiliesinye isici esibalulekile, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangothi zombili ziyakwazi ukukhuluma futhi zizwakale ngasikhathi sinye ngaphandle kokusikwa okuhambisana nezinhlelo ze-half-duplex.

Amaqembu okuthenga kumele futhi ahlole izici zokuhlanganiswa kwedivayisi.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Iziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesizathu sezingcingo ezivikela ukuqhuma
• Imininingwane, ukuhambisana, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi okufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuthi uzibophezele
• Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezisebenzayo kanye nezixwayiso abafundi abangazisebenzisa ngokushesha

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Yiziphi izimboni ezivame ukudinga izingcingo ezingaqhumi kakhulu?

I-oyili negesi, i-petrochemical, izimayini, ukucubungula amakhemikhali, izindawo zasolwandle, zokuphehla ugesi, kanye nezindawo zokuphatha okusanhlamvu noma uthuli zidinga kakhulu lokhu ngenxa yamagesi avuthayo, umusi, noma uthuli oluvuthayo.

Kungani amafoni ajwayelekile ezimbonini engasetshenziswa ezindaweni eziyingozi?

Amafoni ajwayelekile angadala izinhlansi noma ukushisa ngesikhathi sokukhala noma ukushintsha. Amamodeli angaqhumi asebenzisa izindawo ezivalekile noma amasekethe aphephile ngokwemvelo ukuvimbela ukusha ezindaweni ezihlukanisiwe.

Yiziphi izitifiketi okufanele ngizihlole ngaphambi kokukhetha ifoni engaqhumi?

Qondanisa ifoni nesigaba sesayithi lakho bese ubheka ukuvunyelwa okufana nekhwalithi yokukhiqiza esekelwa yi-ATEX, CE, FCC, ROHS, kanye ne-ISO9001. Qinisekisa njalo ukufaneleka kwe-Zone noma i-Division kuqala.

Ingabe izingcingo ezingavumeli ukuqhuma zingasekela izinhlelo ze-VoIP zesimanje?

Yebo. Amamodeli amaningi asekela i-IP PBX/VoIP, evumela ukuqapha impilo, ukutholwa kwamaphutha okusheshayo, kanye nokuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokusakaza eziphuthumayo noma ze-paging zokuxhumana ezisebenza kuzo zonke izikhungo.

USiniwo angasiza kanjani ngamaphrojekthi okuxhumana ezindaweni eziyingozi?

I-Siniwo inikeza ukwesekwa okukodwa kusukela ekuklanyweni nasekuhlanganisweni kuya ekufakweni nasekulungisweni, ngemikhiqizo yokuxhumana evikela ukuqhuma, engangenisi isimo sezulu, kanye neyokuxhumana okuphuthumayo esetshenziswa emazweni angaphezu kuka-70.