Yiziphi Izitifiketi Ezidingekayo Kumafoni Avikela Ukuqhuma

Isingeniso

Ukukhetha ifoni ezindaweni eziyingozi kuhilela okungaphezu kwehadiwe eqinile noma isikhathi eside sebhethri; umbuzo obalulekile ukuthi ngabe inezitifiketi zokuphepha ezifanele zendawo ethile, iqembu legesi, ingozi yothuli, kanye nendawo yokusetshenziswa. Lesi sihloko sichaza izinhlelo eziyinhloko zokuqinisekisa ezisetshenziswa kumafoni angaqhumi kanye namafoni aphephile ngokwemvelo, ukuthi kungani zibalulekile ekuhambisaneni nokulawula ingozi, nokuthi ungafunda kanjani izimpawu zedivayisi ngendlela efanele. Ekugcineni, uzokwazi ukuhlukanisa izindinganiso ezivamile, uqonde ukuthi yini eziyigunyazayo, futhi uhlole ukuthi ifoni ifanele yini indawo yakho yokusebenza.

Kungani Ubufakazi Bokuqhuma Kwezitifiketi Zefoni Bubalulekile

Ukufaka amadivayisi okuxhumana eselula ezindaweni eziyingozi kudinga ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezindinganisweni zokuphepha ezikhethekile. Amafoni angaqhumi futhi aphephile ngokwemvelo aklanyelwe ukusebenza ngokuphephile ezindaweni lapho kukhona khona amagesi avuthayo, umusi, noma uthuli oluvuthayo. Ukuqonda izinhlaka zokuqinisekisa ezilawula la madivayisi akuyona nje into yokuthobela imithetho; kuyinsika eyisisekelo yokuphathwa kwezingozi zezimboni.

Izinhlangano ezilawulayo emhlabeni wonke ziyala ukuthi noma yimiphi imishini kagesi efakwa endaweni eyingozi echazwe njengeyingozi kumele ibe nezitifiketi ezifanele. Ukwehluleka ukusebenzisa amadivayisi aqinisekiswe kahle kubeka izikhungo zezimboni engcupheni enkulu yokushisa, izinhlawulo zomthetho, kanye nokuphazamiseka okukhulu kokusebenza.

Umthelela engozini yokusebenza kanye nomshuwalense

Ukufakwa kwamadivayisi eselula angaqinisekisiwe noma angaqinisekisiwe kahle ezindaweni eziyingozi kwandisa ngqo ingozi yokusebenza. Uma kwenzeka isigameko semboni, abaphenyi bahlola njalo ukuhambisana nemishini. Uma i-smartphone engaqinisekisiwe itholakala njengomthombo wokushisa, noma itholakala ngisho nase-blast radius, lesi sikhungo sibhekene nemiphumela emibi yezomthetho neyezezimali.

Izinqubomgomo zomshuwalense zemikhakha enobungozi obukhulu, njengeuwoyela negesinoma ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali, kuqukethe izigaba eziqinile ezidinga ukuhambisana ngokuphelele neziqondiso zokuphepha zesifunda. Ukusebenzisa amadivayisi angahambisani nemithetho kungasusa ngokushesha ukumbozwa kwesibopho sebhizinisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano ezilawulayo ezifana ne-OSHA (e-United States) noma i-HSE (e-United Kingdom) zibeka izinhlawulo ezinkulu ngokungahambisani nemithetho. Izinhlawulo zokwephulwa komthetho ngamabomu zingadlula u-$150,000 ngesikhalazo ngasinye, kuyilapho umthelela omkhulu wezezimali wokuvalwa kwesikhungo okubangelwa yilokhu ungadlula u-$1,000,000 ngosuku ekukhiqizweni okulahlekile.

Kungani izidingo zesitifiketi zithinta ukuthengwa kwempahla

Ngenxa yokuthi izitifiketi ezingaqhumi ziqondisa izinqubo zobunjiniyela, zokuhlola, kanye nezokukhiqiza zedivayisi, zishintsha kakhulu imijikelezo yokuthenga. Amadivayisi aqinisekisiwe awakwazi ukutholakala ngeziteshi ezijwayelekile ze-elekthronikhi zabathengi. Amaqembu okuthenga kumele axhumane nabasabalalisi bezimboni abakhethekile noma abakhiqizi bemishini yokuqala (ama-OEM) abagcina izinhlelo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ezidingekayo.

Lolu chungechunge lokuhlinzekwa okukhethekile luthinta kokubili izikhathi zokukhokha kanye nobuningi be-oda obuncane (ama-MOQ). Ngenkathi ama-smartphone ezentengiselwano angathengwa ngezinsuku, izikhathi zokukhokha zezingcingo ezikhethekile ze-Zone 1 noma ze-Class I, Division 1 zivame ukuba phakathi kwamasonto ayi-6 kuya kwayi-12 ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwe-batch kanye nezidingo zokulandelela eziqinile. Iminyango yokuthenga kumele ibikezele imijikelezo yokuphila kwedivayisi ngokunembile, icabangele lezi zikhathi zokukhokha ezengeziwe kanye nezindleko zeprimiyamu ezihambisana nehadiwe eqinisekisiwe, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwensimu okungaphazanyiswa.

Izitifiketi Ezidingekayo Ngokwesifunda kanye Nengozi

Izitifiketi zendawo eyingozi azilinganiswe kahle. Izifunda ezahlukene zithembele ezinhlakeni zomthetho ezihlukile ukuze zihlukanise ukuphepha kwemishini. Ukuqonda ukuthi yisiphi isitifiketi esisebenza endaweni ethile kanye nohlobo lwengozi kubalulekile ekuhambisaneni nomhlaba wonke.

Izitifiketi eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa kuwo wonke amamakethe

Isimo somhlaba wonke semishini yendawo eyingozi silawulwa yizinhlelo eziningana ezinkulu zokuqinisekisa. Nakuba kukhona ukusunduza ekuvumelaniseni nge-IECEuhlelo x, iziqondiso zesifunda zisabusa ezidingweni zokuthobela umthetho.

Izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zivame ukufuna amadivayisi anezitifiketi ezimbili noma ezintathu (isb., i-ATEX, i-IECEx, kanye ne-UL) ukuze zenze izimoto zawo zomhlaba wonke zibe sezingeni elifanayo, yize la madivayisi aqinisekiswe emhlabeni wonke ebiza iprimiyamu enkulu.

Igesi, uthuli, ukumbiwa kwezimayini, izinga lokushisa, kanye namazinga emishini

Izitifiketi zihlukanisa izingozi ngohlobo lwezinto ezivuthayo, amathuba okuba khona kwazo, kanye nemikhawulo yokushisa kwemvelo. Ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-ATEX/IECEx, izindawo zihlukaniswe ngeZindawo (iZindawo 0, 1, kanye no-2 zamagesi; iZindawo 20, 21, kanye no-22 zothuli). Uhlelo lwaseNyakatho Melika luvame ukusebenzisa Amakilasi kanye Nokuhlukaniswa (isb., ISigaba I, ISigaba 1 noma 2).

Imishini kumele futhi ilinganiswe ngamaqembu athile egesi (njenge-IIA ye-Propane, i-IIB ye-Ethylene, kanye ne-IIC ye-Hydrogen) kanye namaKlasi Okushisa (ama-T-Codes). Ikilasi Lokushisa libonisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu lobuso idivayisi ezolifinyelela ngaphansi kwezimo zamaphutha. Isibonelo, isilinganiso se-T4 siqinisekisa ukuthi ubuso bedivayisi ngeke budlule ku-135°C, okwenza kube okuphephile kumagesi anamazinga okushisa aphezulu okuthungela, kanti isilinganiso se-T6 esiqinile siqinisekisa ukuthi ubuso buhlala ngaphansi kuka-85°C.Izicelo zokumbazidinga izitifiketi zeSigaba M1 noma M2 ezihlukile ngenxa yezingozi ezithile ze-fireamp (i-methane) kanye nothuli lwamalahle.

Ubufakazi bokuqhuma vs ukuphepha ngokwemvelo

Nakuba kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana engxoxweni evamile, elithi “ukumelana nokuqhuma” kanye nelithi “ukuphepha ngaphakathi” libhekisela ezindleleni zokuvikela ubunjiniyela ezihluke ngokuphelele. Izivalo ezingamelana nokuqhuma (Ex d) zenzelwe ukuqukatha ukuqhuma kwangaphakathi nokupholisa amagesi aphumayo ukuze angavuthi umoya ozungezile. Le ndlela ivame ukuphumela ezindlini zensimbi ezisindayo nezinkulu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakheka okuphephile ngokwangaphakathi (i-IS noma i-Ex i) kuvimbela inhlansi noma amandla okushisa ukuthi angenzeki kwasekuqaleni. Amadivayisi e-IS akhawulela ngokuqinile amandla kagesi nawokushisa atholakalayo kusekethe. Kumaselula, ukuphepha kwangaphakathi kuyindlela ejwayelekile, njengoba kuvumela imiklamo elula neyi-ergonomic kakhulu. Ukuze kufezwe isitifiketi se-IS, isekethe yedivayisi ivame ukukhawulelwa ekusebenzeni kahle ngaphansi kwemingcele yokushisa, ngokuvamile ikhawulela izici zamandla zibe ngaphansi kuka-1.2V noma ukudonsa ngaphansi kuka-100mA kumasekethe amancane abalulekile.

Indlela Yokuqinisekisa Ukuthobela Imithetho Ngaphandle Kwelebula

Ukuthembela kuphela kulebula elibonakalayo noma uphawu lwe-Ex oluqoshwe ku-chassis yedivayisi akwanele ekuhlolweni kokuthobela imithetho okuqinile. Amadivayisi mbumbulu kanye nezitifiketi eziphelelwe yisikhathi ziletha izingozi ezinkulu, ezidinga amaqembu okuthenga kanye ne-EHS (Environment, Health, and Safety) ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho ngokusebenzisa imibhalo esemthethweni kanye nemininingwane yobuchwepheshe.

Amadokhumenti abathengi okufanele bawabukeze

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokuqinile ukuthobela imithetho yedivayisi, abathengi kumele bacele futhi babuyekeze imibhalo eminingana ebalulekile kumkhiqizi. Idokhumenti eyisisekelo yiSimemezelo Sokuhambisana (i-DoC), esibopha ngokusemthethweni umenzi ezindinganisweni ezifunwayo. Kodwa-ke, i-DoC kumele isekelwe yisitifiketi esisebenzayo esivela kuMzimba Ozimele Onolwazi (njenge-SGS, i-TÜV, noma i-UL).

Abathengi kufanele babhekisele kunombolo yesitifiketi etholakala kulebula yedivayisi kanye nesizindalwazi esiku-inthanethi se-Notified Body ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isitifiketi asikahoxiswa noma asimiswanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakhiqizi kumele babe neSaziso Sokuqinisekisa Ikhwalithi (QAN) noma uMbiko Wokuhlola Ikhwalithi (QAR) osebenzayo. Le mibiko iqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo zokukhiqiza zomkhiqizi zihlolwa ngokucophelela—ngokuvamile okudingeka njalo ezinyangeni ezingu-18—ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amayunithi akhiqizwa ngobuningi ahambisana nemininingwane eqondile yesibonelo esivivinyiwe.

Ukuvunyelwa kwesifunda, ukuhambisana kwenkampani yenethiwekhi, kanye nezinguquko ze-firmware

Isitifiketi sendawo eyingozi simboza kuphela ukuphepha kokusha; idivayisi kumele futhi isebenze ngokuthembekile njenge-smartphone yebhizinisi. Abathengi kumele baqinisekise ukuvunyelwa kwezokuxhumana kwesifunda, njengokuthiI-FCC(e-United States), i-CE (eYurophu), noma izitifiketi ze-PTCRB, okuqinisekisa ukuthi idivayisi isebenza ngokusemthethweni nangobuchwepheshe kumanethiwekhi enethiwekhi yeselula endawo.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, izitifiketi zokuphepha zangaphakathi zixhunyaniswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa kokubili nehadiwe kanye nesimo sesofthiwe esigunyaziwe sedivayisi. Ukuguqulwa kwe-firmware okungagunyaziwe noma izibuyekezo ze-OS kungashintsha iphrofayili yokuphathwa kwamandla yeprosesa. Uma isibuyekezo se-firmware esingagunyaziwe sishintsha ukudonsa kwamandla aphezulu kwebhethri ngisho nango-50mA, singasunduza idivayisi ngaphandle kwemingcele yayo yokushisa noma kagesi eqinisekisiwe, sisuse ngokushesha isitifiketi esiphephile sangaphakathi. Abathengi kumele baqinisekise ukuthi i-OEM inikeza ipayipi elilawulwayo neliqinisekisiwe lokuphepha emoyeni (OTA) kanye nezibuyekezo ze-firmware.

Indlela Yokuqhathanisa Amafoni Aqinisekisiwe Obufakazi Bokuqhuma

Ukuqhathanisa amafoni angaqhumi kudinga ukuhlola ukuthi idivayisi ilinganisela kahle kangakanani imigomo eqinile yokuphepha nezidingo zesimanje zokuhamba kwebhizinisi. Idivayisi ephephile ngokuphelele kodwa engenawo amandla okucubungula noma impilo yebhethri ukuze isebenze izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile zezimboni ekugcineni izophazamisa umkhiqizo wabasebenzi basensimini.

Izindlela ezibalulekile zokuqhathanisa eceleni

Uma kuhlolwa amadivayisi aqinisekisiwe eceleni, amaqembu okuthenga kufanele abheke ngale kwesilinganiso se-Ex ukuze ahlole izilinganiso zokuhamba kwebhizinisi ezijwayelekile. Izindlela ezibalulekile zifaka umthamo webhethri, ukuvikelwa kokungena (isilinganiso se-IP), ukukhiqizwa kweprosesa, ukubonakala kwesikrini elangeni eliqondile, kanye nokuhambisana namapulatifomu e-Mobile Device Management (MDM).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idivayisi inesimo se-Android Enterprise Recommended (AER) kubalulekile, njengoba kuqinisekisa isisekelo esincane sokukhululeka kokusetshenziswa, izibuyekezo zokuphepha, kanye nokuthembeka kwehadiwe yebhizinisi.

Ukushintshana phakathi kwesitifiketi, ukuqina, ukuxhumana, kanye nezindleko

Ubunjiniyela obudingekayo ukuze kufezwe ukuphepha kwangaphakathi budinga ukuguquguquka okukhulu. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kokushisa kanye namandla kagesi, abakhiqizi bamadivayisi e-Zone 1 / Division 1 kumele bavame ukushintsha ijubane leprosesa, banciphise amandla ebhethri, futhi basebenzise izingxenye ezindala, ezihlolwe kahle kunobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu.

Izindleko yizo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Nakuba ifoni ejwayelekile eqinile yebhizinisi ingabiza phakathi kuka-$500 no-$800, idivayisi eqinisekisiwe ye-Zone 2 evikelwe kahle ivame ukuba phakathi kuka-$1,200 no-$1,800. Ezindaweni ezivinjelwe kakhulu, i-Zone 1 eqinisekisiwe ngokugcwelei-smartphone ephephile ngokwemvelokungabiza noma yikuphi kusukela ku-$2,500 kuya ku-$4,000 ngeyunithi ngayinye. Izinhlangano kumele zihlele ngokucophelela izindawo zazo zesikhungo ukuze zigweme ukucacisa ngokweqile; ukusebenzisa idivayisi ye-Zone 1 engu-$3,500 endaweni ye-Zone 2 kumelela ukusetshenziswa kwemali okungadingekile futhi kuphoqa abasebenzisi ukuthi babhekane nehadiwe enzima, esebenza kancane kunalokho okudingekayo.

Indlela Yokukhetha Ucingo Oluqinisekisiwe Olufanele

Ukukhetha ifoni efanele engaqhumi kuyinqubo ehlanganisa imikhakha eminingi. Kudinga ukuvala igebe phakathi kwezidingo zokuphepha eziqinile ezibekwe yi-EHS, izidingo zobuchwepheshe nezokuphepha zomnyango we-IT, kanye nemikhawulo yesabelomali ephethwe yi-Procurement.

Inqubo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo ye-EHS, ubunjiniyela, kanye nokuthengwa kwempahla

Inqubo yokukhetha kumele iqale nge-EHS eqhuba imephu yezingozi ephelele yesikhungo ukuze kunqunywe Izindawo noma izigaba eziqondile lapho amadivayisi azosebenza khona, kanye namaqembu athile egesi kanye namakilasi okushisa akhona. Ukucacisa ngokweqile kuvimbela izinketho zedivayisi, kuyilapho ukungacacisi kahle kuletha ingozi enkulu.

Uma isisekelo sesitifiketi esidingekayo sesimisiwe, ubunjiniyela kanye ne-IT kumele bachaze izidingo zesofthiwe kanye nokuxhumeka. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukucacisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidingekayo, ukuhlola ukumbozwa kwe-Wi-Fi noma i-LTE/5G ezindaweni eziyingozi, nokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwe-MDM. I-IT kufanele iphoqelele inkontileka yokusekela umjikelezo wokuphila kwedivayisi eqinisekisa okungenani iminyaka emi-3 kuya kwemi-5 yokuvuselelwa kwepheshi lokuphepha. Okokugcina, i-Procurement ithatha lezi zincazelo ezihlanganisiwe ukuthola amadivayisi avela kubasabalalisi abagunyaziwe, ixoxisana ngeziqinisekiso ezinwetshiwe kanye nokuhlola izindleko eziphelele zobunikazi (TCO) kunokuba kube yintengo yehadiwe engaphambili nje.

Izindlela zokuthatha izinqumo zokumiswa kwamazwe ngamazwe

Kumabhizinisi amaningi, ukwenza imodeli yedivayisi eyodwa eqinisekisiwe ibe yimodeli efanayo kuwo wonke umhlaba kunikeza ukusebenza kahle okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukwenza ngokwezifiso kudinga ukukhetha amadivayisi anezitifiketi eziningi zesifunda (isb., i-ATEX yezindawo zaseYurophu, i-UL/CSA yezindawo zaseNyakatho Melika, kanye ne-IECEx ye-Asia-Pacific).

Nakuba amadivayisi aqinisekisiwe kabili noma kathathu anezindleko eziphezulu zokuqala, i-ROI yesikhathi eside ibalulekile. Ukulinganisa epulatifomu eyodwa yehadiwe kunciphisa izindleko ze-IT ngokuvumela iphrofayili ye-MDM ehlanganisiwe kanye ne-stack yesicelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenza kube lula ukugcinwa kwesitoko esifakiwe. Ukuhlaziywa kwemboni yobuningi kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlanganisa ama-SKU amadivayisi eselula akhethekile emhlabeni jikelele kunganciphisa izindleko zesitoreji se-spare pool ngo-20% kuya ku-30%, kuyilapho kunciphisa kakhulu umthwalo wokuphatha wokulandelela imijikelezo yokuphila yokuthobela imithetho yesifunda ehlukene.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Iziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesizathu samafoni avikela ukuqhuma
• Imininingwane, ukuhambisana, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi okufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuthi uzibophezele
• Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezisebenzayo kanye nezixwayiso abafundi abangazisebenzisa ngokushesha

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Yiziphi izitifiketi ezivame ukudingeka kuma-explosion phone?

Kuncike esifundeni kanye nengozi. Ukuvunyelwa okuvamile yi-ATEX ye-EU, i-IECEx yamaphrojekthi aphesheya, i-UL/CSA HazLoc yeNyakatho Melika, i-NEPSI yeShayina, kanye ne-INMETRO yeBrazil.

Ngingazi kanjani ukuthi ifoni ifanele indawo yami eyingozi?

Qondanisa isitifiketi sefoni nesigaba sesayithi lakho: Indawo noma Isigaba/Ukwahlukaniswa, iqembu legesi noma uthuli, kanye nesigaba sokushisa. Ukumaka esitifiketini kanye nepuleti legama kumele kuhambisane nokuhlolwa kwendawo yakho.

Ingabe isitifiketi se-IECEx sanele kuwo wonke amazwe?

Cha. I-IECEx yaziwa kabanzi, kodwa amazwe amaningi asadinga ukuvunyelwa kwendawo njenge-ATEX, UL/CSA, NEPSI, noma i-INMETRO. Qinisekisa njalo izidingo zomthetho zendawo yokufaka.

Kungani abathengi kufanele bagweme amafoni abathengi ezindaweni eziqhumayo?

Amafoni abathengi ngokuvamile awaqinisekisiwe ngezindawo eziyingozi. Ukuwasebenzisa kungadala ingozi yokushisa, kwephule ukuhambisana nendawo, futhi kungathinta umshwalense kanye nesibopho sengozi.

Ingabe iSiniwo ingasiza ekutholeni amafoni aqinisekisiwe kumaphrojekthi ezimboni?

Yebo. I-Siniwo inikeza imikhiqizo yokuxhumana yezimboni yezindawo eziyingozi futhi ingasiza ukuvumelanisa izinketho zefoni ezingaqhumi nezidingo zephrojekthi, izitifiketi, kanye nezidingo zokuthunyelwa.