Luyini Uhlelo Lwezingcingo Oluphuthumayo Futhi Lusebenza Kanjani

Isingeniso

Ezindaweni lapho ucingo olubambezelekile lungabeka izimpilo engcupheni, izinhlelo zocingo eziphuthumayo zinikeza indlela ezinikele yokusiza amanethiwekhi ocingo ajwayelekile angase angakuqinisekisi. Lesi sihloko sichaza ukuthi ziyini lezi zinhlelo, ukuthi kungani zakhiwe ngendlela ehlukile kwezingcingo ezivamile, nokuthi izingxenye zazo eziyinhloko zisebenza kanjani ndawonye ukugcina ukuxhumana kutholakala ngesikhathi semicimbi ebalulekile. Uzofunda ukuthi iziteshi zocingo, ukudayela okuzenzakalelayo, izixhumanisi zokuqapha, kanye namandla okusekelayo kusekela kanjani ukuxhumana okusheshayo nokuthembekile nabaphenduli, nokuthi kungani lezi zinhlelo zivame ukusetshenziswa emakhampasi, ezindaweni zokupaka, ezindaweni zokuhamba, nakwezinye izindawo ezibucayi.

Iyini Uhlelo Lwezingcingo Oluphuthumayo

Uhlelo lwefoni oluphuthumayo luyingqalasizinda yokuxhumana ezinikele, ephephile ukwehluleka eyenzelwe ukuhlinzeka ngokuxhumana okusheshayo nokuthembekile nabathumeli bezimo eziphuthumayo noma iziteshi zokuqapha eziphakathi. Ngokungafani namanethiwekhi okuxhumana ajwayelekile, abeka phambili ithrafikhi ephezulu kanye nomzila ocebile ngezici, izinhlelo eziphuthumayo zakhelwe ngenhloso yokusebenza isikhathi esiphezulu, zidlula izithiyo ze-PBX zendawo kanye nokuminyana kwenethiwekhi yeselula.

Lezi zinhlelo zisetshenziswa ezindaweni lapho ukuphepha komphakathi kuyindaba eyinhloko, zisebenza njengomthombo wokuphila oqondile ngesikhathi sezigameko ezibucayi. Zisebenza ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwengqalasizinda esezingeni labathengi, zisebenzisa ihadiwe eqinile kanye nezindlela zenethiwekhi ezingafuneki ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingcingo zokucindezeleka ziyaxhumana ngaphandle kokulibala noma ukuphazamiseka.

Izingxenye eziyinhloko nemisebenzi

Ukwakheka kohlelo lwefoni oluphuthumayo kuncike ezintweni eziqinile eziklanyelwe ukumelana nokucindezeleka kwemvelo kanye nokucekelwa phansi. Ezingeni lokugcina, izinhlelo zisebenzisa amaphaneli angenazandla,amabhokisi okushaya ucingo oluphuthumayo angangenisi isimo sezulu, noma iziteshi zezingcingo ezikhethekile. Lawa ma-endpoint afakwe ama-auto-dialer angahlelwa aqala ucingo ngesikhathi inkinobho icindezelwa noma ifoni iphakanyiswa.

Ukwehliswa kwamandla kuyinto ebalulekile. Izinhlelo eziphuthumayo ezijwayelekile embonini kumele zifake izinsiza zikagesi ezingaphazamiseki (i-UPS) noma amabhethri asendaweni akwazi ukuletha okungenani amahora angama-24 amandla alindile kanye namahora ama-4 esikhathi sokukhuluma esiqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokuhluleka kwegridi eyinhloko. Izivalo ezingaphazamiseki, ezivame ukwakhiwa ngensimbi engagqwali engu-14-gauge noma engu-16-gauge, zivikela amabhodi wesekethe yangaphakathi ekulimaleni ngokomzimba kanye nokungena komswakama.

Indlela izingcingo ezihanjiswa ngayo futhi zibekwa ngayo phambili

Uma i-endpoint ivuliwe, uhlelo ludlula ukushintsha okujwayelekile kwendawo ukuze lubeke phambili ukuxhumana okuphumayo. Izingcingo zithunyelwa ngqo e-Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP), edeskini lezokuphepha lekhampasi, noma esiteshini sokuqapha senkampani yangaphandle. Lokhu kuhambisa kufakwe ikhodi eqinile ku-endpoint noma esangweni eliphakathi eliphuthumayo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho phutha lomsebenzisi ngesikhathi sesimo sokwethuka.

Izinhlelo zocingo eziphuthumayo ezithuthukisiwe zithumela idatha ye-Automatic Number Identification (ANI) kanye ne-Automatic Location Identification (ALI) kanye nomthwalo wezwi. Lawa maphakethe edatha agcwalisa isikrini somthumeli ngokushesha ngezixhumanisi eziqondile zomzimba noma umkhakha wokwakha womshayeli. Ezindaweni ezixhunyiwe, amaphrothokholi e-Quality of Service (QoS) anikeza la maphakethe e-Voice over IP (VoIP) ukubaluleka okuphezulu kakhulu, okuvimbela ukwehla kwezingcingo ngisho nangesikhathi sokugcwala kwe-bandwidth ephezulu.

Izinketho zokuklama ezibalulekile zabathengi

Abathengi abahlola ingqalasizinda yokuxhumana okuphuthumayo kumele bahambe ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko zenethiwekhi: i-analog (POTS), iselula, kanye ne-VoIP/SIP. Ngokomlando, imigqa ye-Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) yayiyindinganiso ngenxa yemvelo yayo yokuzisebenzisa. Kodwa-ke, njengoba izinkampani zokuxhumana zivala ingqalasizinda yethusi ngenkuthalo, abathengi bathuthela kwezinye izindlela zesimanje.

Amasango eselula asebenzisa amanethiwekhi e-LTE noma e-5G, avame ukuhlonyiswa ngama-router e-SIM amabili ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha inethiwekhi. Lawa asebenza kahle kakhulu ezindaweni ezikude lapho ukudonsa ikhebula elibonakalayo kungabizi kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlelo ze-VoIP ezisekelwe kwi-Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) zisebenzisa ingqalasizinda yebhizinisi ekhona ye-LAN/WAN. Ama-endpoint e-SIP avumela ukuphathwa okuphakathi, izibuyekezo ze-firmware ezikude, kanye nokuvota okuqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa impilo yedivayisi, okwenza kube inketho yokuklama ekhethwayo yamakhampasi amakhulu ezinkampani noma eyunivesithi.

Kungani Izinhlelo Zocingo Eziphuthumayo Zisabalulekile

Naphezu kokuba khona kwamafoni aphathekayo okusabalele, izinhlelo zocingo eziphuthumayo ezizinikele zisalokhu ziyingxenye ebalulekile yengqalasizinda yokuphepha kokuphila. Amadivayisi aphathekayo asengozini yokuphelelwa yibhethri, ukungasebenzi kwenethiwekhi, kanye nezindawo ezingasebenzi kahle zamaselula, okwenza angathembeki ezindaweni ezithile zesakhiwo noma zezwe.

Izinhlelo ezizinikele zinikeza iphuzu lokuxhumana eliqinile nelaziwayo abasabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo abangathembela kulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zigcwalisa iziqondiso zomthetho nezomthetho eziqinile ezidinga abanikazi bezindawo ukuthi banikeze iziteshi zokuxhumana eziphuthumayo ezifinyelelekayo ngaphandle kwedivayisi yomuntu siqu yomsebenzisi.

Indlela abanciphisa ngayo isikhathi sokuphendula

Inzuzo eyinhloko yohlelo lwezingcingo oluphuthumayo oluzinzile ukuncipha okukhulu kwezikhathi zokusabela eziphuthumayo. Uma ethembele ocingweni oluphathwayo, umuntu oshayela ucingo kumele achaze indawo yakhe ngqo ngomlomo—inqubo engaba namaphutha amaningi ngesikhathi sokucindezeleka okukhulu noma engenakwenzeka uma umuntu oshayela ucingo ekhubazekile.

Ngenxa yokuthi amafoni aphuthumayo azinikele adlulisa idatha eqondile ye-ALI ngokushesha lapho exhunywe, abathumeli akudingeki bahlanganise isignali noma babuze umuntu oshayelayo ukuze bathole iziqondiso. Imininingwane yemboni ikhombisa ukuthi izinhlelo eziphuthumayo zendawo eqondile zinganciphisa izikhathi zokuqala zokuthumela ngemizuzwana engama-60 kuya kwengama-90 uma kuqhathaniswa nezingcingo ezijwayelekile zeselula ezingama-911. Ezimweni eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha noma ezimweni ezisongelayo ezisebenzayo, lokhu kusheshisa kokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kuthuthukisa kakhulu amathuba omphumela.

Lapho bebaluleke kakhulu khona

Izinhlelo zocingo eziphuthumayo ziyimpoqo ezindaweni eziphawulwa ukuhlukaniswa, ingozi enkulu, noma ukuwohloka kwesignali. Ingqalasizinda engaphansi komhlaba, izakhiwo ezivikelwe kakhulu, kanye nezindawo zezimboni ezikude ngokuvamile azinazo izindlela zokungena ezithembekile zamaseli.

Izidingo Zobuchwepheshe, Ukuthobela, kanye Nokuhlanganiswa

Ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwefoni oluphuthumayo kudinga ukunamathela ngokuqinile kunethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yamakhodi okwakha, amazinga okufinyeleleka, kanye nezincazelo zobuchwepheshe. Ukwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nalezi zidingo akugcini nje ngokuphazamisa ukuphepha komsebenzisi kodwa futhi kubeka abaqhubi bezikhungo ezikweletini ezinkulu zomthetho nezezezimali.

Amakhodi nezindinganiso okufanele uzicabangele

UMthetho WaseMelika Okhubazekile (i-ADA) ubeka imingcele eqondile yomzimba kanye nokusebenza kwamafoni aphuthumayo e-United States. Ukuthobela i-ADA kudinga ukuthi amadivayisi okuxhumana asebenze ngaphandle kokubamba ngokuqinile, ukuncinza, noma ukusonta isihlakala, futhi kumele asebenze ngamandla aphezulu angama-5 lbs. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye ephezulu kakhulu yocingo engasetshenziswa kumele ifakwe kungabi ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-48 ukusuka phansi eliqediwe ukuze kufinyelelwe phambili noma eceleni.

Ngokuthuthwa okuqondile, i-ASME A17.1/CSA B44 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators ilawula ukuxhumana okuphuthumayo. Izibuyekezo zakamuva zale khodi zithi izinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-lifti kumele zifake amakhono evidiyo ahambisana nezindlela ezimbili kubantu abangezwa kahle ezindlebeni futhi kumele ziqinisekise ukusebenza komugqa nsuku zonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code (NFPA 72) ichaza izidingo eziqinile zokusinda kwezintambo kanye nezinsiza zikagesi ezisekela lezi zinhlelo.

Izidingo zemvelo kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula

Izingcingo eziphuthumayo kumele zisebenze kahle ezimweni ezimbi. Ama-endpoint afakwe ngaphandle noma ezindaweni zezimboni adinga izilinganiso eziphezulu zokuvikela ukungena (i-IP). Isilinganiso se-IP66 ngokuvamile siyindinganiso encane yamabhokisi okushaya ucingo angaphandle, okuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa olwandle olunzima noma amajethi amanzi anamandla, kuyilapho amadivayisi anesilinganiso se-IP67 angamelana nokucwiliswa okwesikhashana.

Ukuqina kokushisa kubaluleke kakhulu. Izinhlelo zocingo eziphuthumayo zezinga eliphezulu zakhiwe ngamazinga okushisa asebenzayo anwetshiwe, ngokuvamile asebenza ngokuthembeka kusukela ku--40°C kuya ku-+65°C (-40°F kuya ku-+149°F). Ukuqinisekisa isikhathi sokusebenza, izinhlelo zesimanje ezisekelwe ku-SIP zisebenzisa ukuvota okuzenzakalelayo—ukushaya ama-endpoint njalo ngemizuzu eyi-10 kuya kweyi-15. Uma i-endpoint yehluleka ukuphendula, uhlelo lukhipha isaziso ngokushesha kubaphathi bezikhungo, luqinisekisa ukuthi iyunithi iyalungiswa ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke isimo esiphuthumayo sangempela.

Ukuhlanganiswa nama-lifti nezinhlelo zokuphepha

Izinhlelo zefoni zesimanje eziphuthumayo azivamile ukusebenza zodwa; zihlanganiswa kakhulu nokuphathwa kwezakhiwo okubanzi kanye nezinhlelo zokuphepha ngokomzimba. Ngokusebenzisa amazinga avulekile njenge-ONVIF kanye ne-SIP, ucingo oluphuthumayo lungabangela izimpendulo ezenzakalelayo kumapulatifomu amaningi.

Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa ifoni ephuthumayo egalaji lokupaka kungayala ngokuzenzakalelayo i-Integrated Video Management System (VMS) ukuthi i-pan, i-tilt, ne-zoom (PTZ) ikhamera yokuqapha eseduze kumuntu oshayelayo. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokulawula ukufinyelela kuvumela abaqhubi besiteshi esiphakathi ukuthi bavule iminyango noma amasango abaphenduli bokuqala ngqo kusuka ku-console yokuxhumana yocingo oluphuthumayo, okwenza inqubo yokungenelela ibe lula.

Ukucaciswa, Ukufakwa, kanye Nokugcinwa

Umjikelezo wokuphila kohlelo lwefoni oluphuthumayo—kusukela ekucacisweni kokuqala kuya ekulungisweni okuqhubekayo—kudinga indlela ehlelekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka okuqhubekayo. Izinqumo zokuthenga kumele zilinganisele izindleko zezimali zangaphambilini nezindleko zokusebenza zesikhathi eside kanye nobude besikhathi sohlelo.

Indlela yokuhlola abathengisi

Lapho bekhetha umthengisi, abathengi kumele bahlole irekhodi lomkhiqizi lokuqina kwehadiwe kanye nokusekelwa kwesofthiwe. Izilinganiso ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi i-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF), okumele idlule amahora angu-50,000 eziphuthumayo. Abathengisi kufanele banikeze amadokhumenti aphelele achaza ukuhambisana ne-UL,Izindinganiso ze-CE, kanye ne-FCC.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathengi kufanele bahlole imigomo yewaranti yomthengisi kanye ne-SLA yokusekela ubuchwepheshe. Umkhiqizi othembekile uzonikeza iwaranti okungenani yeminyaka emi-2 kuya kwemi-5 ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile zehadiwe futhi aqinisekise ukutholakala kwezingxenye ezithathelwa indawo okungenani iminyaka eyishumi, okubonisa umjikelezo wokuphila olindelekile wengqalasizinda yokuphepha kokuphila.

Izimbangela eziyinhloko zezindleko

Izindleko eziphelele zobunikazi bohlelo lwefoni oluphuthumayo zibangelwa yizincazelo zehadiwe, ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi, kanye nobunzima bokufaka. Ama-endpoint ayisisekelo angaphakathi e-analog noma e-SIP ngokuvamile asukela ku-$300 kuya ku-$600 ngeyunithi ngayinye. Kodwa-ke, aqinile, anesilinganiso se-IP67, nomaAmamodeli angenakuqhuma aqinisekiswe yi-ATEXezindaweni eziyingozi zingadlula kalula u-$1,500 kuya ku-$2,500 ngeyunithi ngayinye.

Ukuguqulwa kwengqalasizinda kumelela esinye isizathu esibalulekile sokubiza izindleko. Ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo ze-analog ezindala zibe yi-VoIP kudinga ukudonsa ikhebula elisha le-Cat5e/Cat6 Ethernet noma ukufaka amasango e-analog-to-IP. Ekufakweni okukude kwangaphandle, ukufaka imisele ye-conduit kungabiza kakhulu, okwenza amasango eselula—naphezu kwezindleko zawo zedatha zanyanga zonke eziphindaphindayo—isisombululo esingabizi kakhulu sesikhathi eside.

Izindlela zokuhlola nokulungisa

Ukuthembela okungenamsebenzi ezinhlelweni eziphuthumayo kuyiphutha elikhulu lokusebenza; ukuhlolwa okuqinile nokuhleliwe kuyimpoqo. Ngokomlando, abasebenzi bokulungisa kwakudingeka bahambe ngezinyawo baye endaweni ngayinye, bacindezele inkinobho, futhi baqinisekise uxhumano. Namuhla, izinhlelo ezihlakaniphile zenza le nqubo ibe ngokuzenzakalela.

Isibonelo, i-ASME A17.1 idinga amafoni ezimo eziphuthumayo e-lifti ukuqinisekisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ubuqotho bomugqa wokuxhumana okungenani kanye emahoreni angama-24. Uma umugqa wehluleka, uhlelo kumele luvule i-alamu ezwakalayo nebonakalayo yendawo. Ngaphandle kokuhlolwa komugqa ozenzakalelayo, abaphathi bezikhungo kufanele benze ukuhlolwa okuphelele ngesandla njalo ngekota, baqinisekise ukucaca kwemakrofoni, ivolumu yesipikha, ukusebenza kwe-strobe, kanye nokunemba kwedatha ye-ALI edluliselwe ku-PSAP.

Indlela Yokukhetha Uhlelo Olufanele Lwefoni Oluphuthumayo

Ukuqondanisa uhlelo olufanele lwefoni oluphuthumayo nendawo ethile yokusebenza kuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ukutshalwa kwezimali kwengqalasizinda. Inqubo yokwenza izinqumo incike ekuhloleni amakhono enethiwekhi akhona, izingozi zemvelo, kanye nezidingo ezithile zokuxhumana zabasebenzisi bokugcina.

Izinhlelo ezizimele uma ziqhathaniswa nezihlanganisiwe

Izinhlelo ezizimele zisebenza ngokuzimela kunethiwekhi yebhizinisi, zisebenzisa imigqa ye-analog ezinikele noma ukuxhumana kwamaselula okuhlukile. Lezi ziyakwazi ukumelana kakhulu nokuphazamiseka kwenethiwekhi yendawo noma ukuhlaselwa kwe-cyber ngoba azihlanganyeli ngengqalasizinda nethrafikhi yedatha ye-IT ejwayelekile. Zilungele izindawo ezikude noma izikhungo ezinamanethiwekhi e-IT aphelelwe yisikhathi.

Izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe zenethiwekhi, ezisebenzisa i-SIP/VoIP, zihlanganisa ukuxhumana okuphuthumayo ku-LAN/WAN yenkampani. Le ndlela inciphisa kakhulu izindleko zomugqa wokuxhumana ophindaphindayo futhi ivumela ukuphathwa okuhlanganisiwe ngedeshibhodi ehlanganisiwe. Izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe zisekela izici ezithuthukisiwe njengokusakaza ngobuningi, lapho zonke izikhulumi zefoni eziphuthumayo zingasetshenziswa khona ngasikhathi sinye ukuze zikhishwe.izimemezelo zenkulumo yomphakathingesikhathi senkinga ekhungethe ikhampasi yonke. Kodwa-ke, zidinga ukuphindaphinda kwenethiwekhi okuqinile, okuhlanganisa nezinkinobho ze-UPS-backed PoE (Power over Ethernet), ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngesikhathi sokwehluleka kukagesi.

Izindlela zokukhetha ngokwesimo sokusetshenziswa

Ukukhetha uhlelo olufanele kudinga ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwesimo sokusetshenziswa. Abathengi kumele bahlanganise indawo yabo ebonakalayo nobuchwepheshe obufanele.

Ngokuhlola ngokuhlelekile lezi zindlela—kusukela ekuhambisaneni kwe-ADA kanye nezilinganiso ze-MTBF kuya kumakhono okuhlanganisa inethiwekhi—abaphathi bezikhungo bangathola uhlelo lwefoni oluphuthumayo oluhlinzeka ngomzila wokuphila ongapheli, ophephile lapho udingeka kakhulu.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Iziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesizathu seSistimu Yezingcingo Eziphuthumayo
• Imininingwane, ukuhambisana, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi okufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuthi uzibophezele
• Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezisebenzayo kanye nezixwayiso abafundi abangazisebenzisa ngokushesha

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Iyini uhlelo lwefoni oluphuthumayo?

Luhlelo lokuxhumana oluzinikele oluxhumanisa abasebenzisi ngqo nokuphepha, ukuthunyelwa, noma isikhungo sokuqapha ngaphandle kokulibaziseka okukhulu, ngisho nangesikhathi sokuminyana kwenethiwekhi noma izinkinga zamandla.

Uhlelo lwefoni oluphuthumayo lusebenza kanjani?

Uma inkinobho icindezelwa noma ifoni iphakanyisiwe, iyunithi ishaya ngokuzenzakalelayo inombolo esethiwe futhi ingathumela idatha yendawo ukuze abaphendulayo bazi kahle ukuthi ucingo luvelaphi.

Zidingeka kuphi izingcingo eziphuthumayo?

Ziwusizo kakhulu ezimayini, ezindaweni zikawoyela negesi, ezindaweni zokuthutha, emakhampasi, emajele, nasezindaweni ezingaphandle noma eziyingozi lapho ukumbozwa kweselula, umsindo, noma izingozi zokuphepha kuyinkinga.

Ingabe kufanele ngikhethe amafoni aphuthumayo e-analog, eselula, noma e-VoIP?

Khetha i-analog yemigqa yakudala, iselula yezindawo ezikude, kanye ne-VoIP/SIP yamakhampasi noma amanethiwekhi ezimboni adinga ukuphathwa okuphakathi, ukuqapha impilo, kanye nokukhula okulula.

Yini okufanele abathengi bayihlole lapho bekhetha uhlelo lwezingcingo oluphuthumayo lwezimboni?

Gxila ekuthembekeni, ukubika indawo, amandla okusekela, ukwakheka okuvikela isimo sezulu noma okuvikela ukuqhuma, izitifiketi ezifana ne-ATEX noma i-CE, kanye nokusekelwa kwabaphakeli kokuhlanganiswa, ukufakwa, kanye nokugcinwa.