Kungani Izitshalo Zamakhemikhali Zidinga Ucingo Olungaqhumi Ezindaweni Eziyingozi?

• Izingcingo ezingaqhumi zinciphisa ingozi yokushisa ezindaweni zezitshalo zamakhemikhali ezihlukanisiwe ngokusebenzisa izindawo ezivalekile eziqinisekisiwe kanye nezindawo ezivikelwe.
• Ukuthembeka kokuxhumana kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni eziphuthumayo, lapho ama-alamu, umsindo, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwenqubo kungenza amafoni avamile angasebenzi.
• Ukukhetha kufanele kuqale ngendawo eyingozi, bese kuba yisitifiketi esidingekayo, indlela yokufaka, kanye nohlelo lokulungisa.
• Kumaqembu okuthenga, ifoni engcono kakhulu yileyo ehambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwendawo yesitshalo, ukusebenza komsebenzi wokuphendula, kanye nezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila.

Ekuxhumaneni kwezitshalo zamakhemikhali, ucingo olufanele olungaqhumi lwezitshalo zamakhemikhali luyidivayisi yokuphepha kuqala bese kuthi okwesibili kube yidivayisi yokuxhumana, ngoba ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo, ukulawula ukusha, kanye nesikhathi sokuphendula konke kubalulekile. Ingqondo yobunjiniyela ilula: uma indawo iphatha umusi ovuthayo, amagesi, noma uthuli, indawo yokugcina ngokwayo akumelwe ibe yingozi. Izindinganiso nezinhlaka zokuhlola ezifanaI-IECEx, I-ISO 80079-36kanye ne-US Occupational Safety and Health Administrationisiqondiso sezindawo eziyingozibonisa ukuthi kungani ukwakheka kwendawo ebiyelwe, ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nesiyalo sokufakwa kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuphephile.

Kungani ucingo olungaqhumi ezitshalweni zamakhemikhali luyimfuneko yokuphepha, hhayi ukulula

Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi izitshalo zamakhemikhali zidinga izinhlelo zocingo eziyingozi ukuthi imishini yokuxhumana ingangenisa izinhlansi zikagesi, izindawo ezishisayo, noma amaphutha okufakwa ezindaweni lapho umthombo omncane wokuthungela ungabangela khona isigameko esikhulu.

Amayunithi okukhiqiza amakhemikhali avame ukufaka izindawo ze-reactor, izindawo zokusingatha i-solvent, ama-loading racks, amapulazi amathangi, kanye nemigwaqo yokusetshenziswa, konke okungase kube nezindawo ezihlukanisiwe. Kulezo zindawo, ifoni ejwayelekile yezimboni ingase ihluleke ukuhambisana nomqondo wokuphepha wesitshalo noma ngabe ibukeka iqinile. Yingakho amaqembu okuthenga kufanele aqhathanise ifoni ejwayelekile yezimboni nefoniucingo olungaqhumifuthi ungacabangi ukuthi “okuqinile” kusho “ukuphepha ezindaweni eziyingozi.”

Okubalulekile ukuthi ukuxhumana kwezitshalo zamakhemikhali kumele kuklanywe ngokwengozi, hhayi ukuthi kulungiswe ngemva kwalokho. Ucingo olusinda emvuleni noma othulini aluphephile ngokuzenzakalelayo endaweni ehlukanisiwe.

Izindinganiso zocingo zezindawo eziyingozi okufanele amaqembu okuthenga azihlole

Isitifiketi siyindlela eshesha kakhulu yokuhlukanisa idivayisi ethobelayo nesimangalo sokumaketha.

Ngezimo eziqhumayo, izinkomba ezifanele kakhulu yimibhalo yochungechunge lwe-IEC 60079 kanye nokulingana kwayo kwesifunda. Isibonelo,I-IEC 60079-0ichaza izidingo ezijwayelekile zemishini ezindaweni eziqhumayo, kuyilaphoI-IEC 60079-1ihlanganisa izindawo ezivalekile ezingashi. Ngasohlangothini lwaseNyakatho Melika, isiqondiso sezindawo eziyingozi ze-OSHA kanye nohlaka lwe-National Fire Protection Association zivame ukusetshenziswa emisebenzini yokuthobela imithetho yezitshalo, ikakhulukazi lapho imishini kagesi ibuyekezwa khona ngobunjiniyela, i-EHS, kanye nokugcinwa ndawonye.

Indlela eqondile yokwamukelwa incike ekuhlukanisweni kwesitshalo, kodwa umqondo wesinqumo uyavumelana: thola indawo, qinisekisa umqondo wokuvikela, bese uqinisekisa izimo zokusebenza ezimakwe yidivayisi. Uma ifoni ifakiwe lapho kungase kube khona amagesi noma umusi, isitifiketi kumele sihambisane naleyo ndlela yokusetshenziswa, hhayi ilebula "yezimboni" ejwayelekile.

Ukuqonda okubalulekile ukuthi isitifiketi asiyona into esemthethweni. Sichaza ukuthi iyunithi ingafakwa kuphi, ukuthi ixhunywe kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izindlela zokulungisa ezivunyelwe ngaphandle kokuqeda izibikezelo zokuphepha.

Izidingo zokuxhumana kwezitshalo zamakhemikhali ezimweni zokusebenza zangempela

Ukuxhumana okuthembekile kwezitshalo zamakhemikhali kufanele kuqhubeke isikhathi eside kunokusetshenziswa okuvamile ehhovisi.

Empeleni, ifoni ingadinga ukusebenza ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwephampu, i-alamu yokuvuza kwegesi, ukuphazamiseka kwamandla, noma uchungechunge lokuvala lapho abantu begqoke amagilavu, ukuvikela ukuzwa, kanye nezihlangu zobuso. Lokho kusho ukuthi izilawuli ezinkulu, ukuzwakala kwesignali, kanye nokudlulisa izwi okucacile kubaluleke kakhulu kunezici zesitayela sabathengi. Inani ledivayisi lilinganiswa ngezikhathi zezehlakalo ezingavamile, hhayi ezolile.

Ukusebenza komsindo kuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zezitshalo ezinomsindo ophezulu. Umkhawulo wokuvezwa ovunyelwe yi-OSHA embonini evamile ungama-90 dBA njengesilinganiso sesikhathi samahora angu-8, futhi izindawo eziningi zenqubo zinomsindo omkhulu kunalowo ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, ucingo oluphuthumayo lwezimboni oluklanywe kahle kumele lunciphise izingcingo ezingabanjwanga, lwenze kube lula ukushaya ucingo, futhi lusekele inkulumo ecacile ngaphansi kokucindezeleka komsindo.

Kubasebenzisi abahlola amapulatifomu okuxhumana kwezitshalo, ukwakheka kwesayithi okubanzi kungafaka phakathiucingo lwezimboniumndeni wezindawo zezitshalo ezijwayelekile,ucingo oluphuthumayo lwezimboningamaphuzu okuphendula abucayi, kanye nokuqinaucingo oluvikela isimo sezuluezindaweni eziveziwe noma ezihlanza amanzi. Izindawo ezahlukene zidinga imiqondo ehlukene yokuvikela.

• Ukushaya ucingo oluphuthumayo kufanele kwenzeke ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa.
• Umsindo kufanele uhlale uzwakala ngaphezu kwemishini nomsindo wenqubo.
• Izilawuli kufanele zisetshenziswe ngamagilavu ​​​​nasezimweni eziphansi.
• Ukufinyelela ekulungiseni kufanele kube lula ngokwanele kochwepheshe bezitshalo.

Izici zokuklama ucingo ezingaqhumi ezinciphisa ubungozi kanye nesikhathi sokungasebenzi

Imiklamo yocingo yezindawo eziyingozi kakhulu igxile ekuvimbeleni ukusha, ukumelana nomonakalo, kanye nokuhlala ilungele ukulungiswa.

Izici ezivamile zifaka phakathi izindawo ezingashisi umlilo noma ezivikelwe, izinto ezingagqwali, amakhibhodi avalwe ngendwangu, izindawo ezibonakala kahle, kanye nehadiwe yomsindo elungiselelwe imisindo yezimboni. Ezitshalweni zamakhemikhali, lezi zici azikho ukuze kube nenduduzo; zikhona ukuze zilondoloze ukusebenza ngokugqwala, ukudlidliza, kanye nethrafikhi ephuthumayo.

Ukuqina kwendawo nakho kubalulekile. Nakuba ifoni ingase ingavezwa esiphephweni, ingase ibone ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, ukuchitheka kwe-solvent, kanye nokuhlanza ngamandla. Umgomo wobunjiniyela ukuthembeka kwesikhathi eside, hhayi into entsha yesikhathi esifushane.

Izitshalo ezifanelana nomndeni wedivayisi eyodwa kufanele ziqinisekise ukufaneleka ngendawo. Imodeli evikela isimo sezulu noma evikela ukucekelwa phansi ingaba yinhle kakhulu endaweni yokusetshenziswa kodwa ingakaneli endaweni yokucubungula ehlukanisiwe.

Indlela yokukhetha ucingo lwendawo eyingozi yesitshalo samakhemikhali

Inqubo efanele yokukhetha iqala ngemephu yezingozi, hhayi ikhathalogi.

Ithimba lokuthenga elinobungcweti kufanele liqinisekise ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo, iqembu legesi noma iqembu lothuli, isigaba sokushisa esidingekayo, indawo yokufaka, kanye nenqubomgomo yokulungisa. Lezi zinhlaka zinquma ukuthi umkhiqizo ulungele yini injongo. Ukukhetha okungalungile kungadala ukulungiswa kabusha, ukubambezeleka kokuhlolwa, noma igebe lokuhambisana nomthetho ngemva kokufakwa.

1. Qinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo nokuthi ingozi isekelwe kugesi, umhwamuko, noma uthuli.
2. Qondanisa umqondo wokuvikela nezinga elidingekayo kanye nokumaka kokugunyazwa.
3. Hlola ukuthi ifoni idinga ukukhwezwa odongeni, ukukhwezwa kwezinsika, noma ukuhlanganiswa kwekhabhinethi.
4. Hlola izidingo zomsindo endaweni yomsindo wangempela.
5. Buyekeza izipele, isikhathi sokukhokha, kanye nokufinyelela kokulungisa ngaphambi kokuthenga.

Ukukhetha kuncike ekutheni isitshalo sisebenzisa kanjani idivayisi. I-rack yokulayisha ingase ibeke phambili ukuxhumana okusheshayo okuphuthumayo, kuyilapho iyunithi yenqubo ingadinga ukuhlanganiswa okuthule kodwa okuthembekile. Kuzo zombili izimo, ifoni kufanele isekele ukuhamba komsebenzi kwangempela kunokuphoqelela opharetha ukuthi basebenzise isikhombikubona esijwayelekile.

Lapho ucingo olungaqhumi lwezitshalo zamakhemikhali luletha khona inani elikhulu

Imbuyiselo ephezulu ivela ezindaweni lapho ukwehluleka kokuxhumana kungabambezela impendulo noma kwandise ukuvezwa.

Izindawo ezivamile zokusabalalisa zifaka phakathi izindawo ze-reactor, indawo yokugcina i-solvent, amayunithi okuhluza, amapulazi amathangi, iziteshi zokudlulisa, izindawo zokulayisha, izindawo zokulawula, kanye nemizila yokuphuma eziphuthumayo. Lezi yizindawo lapho ucingo olulodwa olungabanjwanga lunganciphisa ukuphuma, luhlukanise isisebenzi, noma lubambezele ukuqinisekiswa kokuvalwa.

Ngokusho kwe-US Bureau of Labor Statistics, imboni ezimele yaqopha ukulimala nokugula okungabulali abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2.8 emsebenzini ngo-2022, okugcizelela ukuthi kungani ukuxhumana okuthembekile kwezehlakalo kubalulekile emisebenzini enobungozi obukhulu. Ucingo lwendawo enobungozi olubekwe kahle alususi ingozi yenqubo, kodwa lunganciphisa isikhathi phakathi kokutholwa kwezehlakalo kanye nokusabela okuhlelekile.

Kumaqembu ezitshalo akha ungqimba olubanzi lokuxhumana,ocingo olungangenisi isimo sezuluzivame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zomngcele ongaphandle, kuyilaphoizimpondo zesipikha ezingaqhumisekela izexwayiso zokusakaza ezindaweni ezivulekile eziyingozi. Ukwakheka kufanele kuhambisane nomsebenzi ophuthumayo, hhayi nje isabelomali semishini.

Idatha yokusebenza okufanele abathengi bayicele ngaphambi kokucacisa iyunithi

Abathengi kufanele bacele ubufakazi obulinganisekayo, hhayi izimangalo ezijwayelekile.

Iphakheji yokucacisa okungathi sína ivame ukufaka isilinganiso sokuvikelwa kokungena, ububanzi bokushisa kokusebenza, izinto ezivalekile, ukusebenza kwe-acoustic, kanye nemininingwane yesitifiketi. Uma umthengisi engakwazi ukunikeza amadokhumenti, ingozi yokuthenga ishintshela kumthengi.

Kubafundi bezobuchwepheshe, iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi inani ledivayisi liqinisekiswa ubufakazi bayo bokuhlola kanye nobubanzi besitifiketi. Isitshalo asikwazi ukunquma ngokuphephile ukusebenza ngokubukeka.

Amaphutha avamile lapho uthenga imishini yokuxhumana yezitshalo zamakhemikhali

Iphutha elibiza kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthi ifoni eyodwa eqinile ingasebenza kuzo zonke izindawo.

Elinye iphutha elivamile ukugxila entengo yokuthenga ngenkathi ungazinaki ukufakwa, isitifiketi, kanye nokugcinwa. Iyunithi eshibhile edinga ukushintshwa njalo noma ehluleka ukuhlolwa ingabiza kakhulu phakathi nomjikelezo wokuphila kunemodeli echazwe kahle.

• Ukuthenga idivayisi engamelani nesimo sezulu endaweni eyingozi ngaphandle kokuhlola isitifiketi.
• Ukunganaki izinga lomsindo nokukhetha ifoni enomsindo obuthakathaka.
• Ibheke indawo yokufaka, ukungena kwekhebula, kanye nokufinyelela kokuhlola.
• Ukwehluleka ukubandakanya i-EHS kanye nokugcinwa ngesikhathi sokucaciswa.
• Ukusebenzisa ifoni ejwayelekile yezimboni lapho kudingeka khona imodeli egxile ezimweni eziphuthumayo.

Indlela engcono ukuphatha ucingo njengengxenye yesistimu yokuphepha kwesitshalo. Leyo ndlela yokucabanga inciphisa ukungalingani futhi ithuthukise ukuthembeka kwesikhathi eside.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa mayelana nocingo olungaqhumi lwezitshalo zamakhemikhali

Iyini ifoni engaqhumi esetshenziswa esitshalweni samakhemikhali?

Isetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka ngokuxhumana ngezwi okuthembekile ezindaweni ezihlukanisiwe lapho kungaba khona amagesi avuthayo, umusi, noma uthuli. Ukwakheka kwayo kusiza ukunciphisa ingozi yokushisa ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuthintana ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo.

Ingabe ifoni yezimboni eqinile iyafana nefoni yendawo eyingozi?

Cha. Ucingo oluqinile lwezimboni lungamelana nokushaywa, umswakama, noma ukucekelwa phansi, kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi luqinisekisiwe ukuthi lunezimo eziqhumayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwendawo eyingozi kudinga umqondo wokuvikela ofanele kanye nobubanzi bokuvunyelwa.

Yiziphi izindinganiso ezibaluleke kakhulu kumadivayisi okuxhumana endaweni eyingozi?

Izinkomba ezivamile zifaka phakathi i-IEC 60079-0, i-IEC 60079-1, kanye ne-ISO 80079-36, kanye nezidingo zesifunda kanye nemikhuba yokugunyazwa ethile endaweni. Indinganiso efanele incike endaweni kanye nokusetshenziswa.

Izitshalo zamakhemikhali kufanele zifake kuphi amafoni angaqhumi?

Ngokuvamile zifakwa ezindaweni ze-reactor, amapulazi amathangi, iziteshi zokulayisha, kanye nezindawo zokufinyelela eziphuthumayo lapho ukuxhumana okusheshayo kubalulekile khona futhi umoya ungahlukaniswa.

Ngingazi kanjani ukuthi ifoni ifanele indawo yami?

Hlola ukumaka kwedivayisi, imibhalo yesitifiketi, isigaba segesi noma sothuli, isigaba sokushisa, kanye nemiyalelo yokufaka. Uma noma iyiphi ingxenye yesikophu esivunyiwe ingahambisani nendawo, ifoni akufanele isetshenziswe lapho.

Yiziphi izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okuphuthumayo?

Ukufinyelela okusheshayo, umsindo ocacile, izilawuli ezivumelana namagilavu, kanye nendawo ebiyelwe eqinile kubaluleke kakhulu. Ezimweni eziphuthumayo, ubulula buvame ukusebenza kangcono kunezinye izici eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Kungani izitshalo zamakhemikhali zivame ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zocingo?

Ngoba akuzona zonke izindawo ezinephrofayili efanayo yengozi. Imboni ingasebenzisa izingcingo ezingaqhumi ezindaweni ezihlukanisiwe, izingcingo ezingamelani nesimo sezulu ngaphandle, kanye nezingcingo eziphuthumayo ezindaweni zokusabela ezibucayi.

Ngamafuphi, izitshalo zamakhemikhali zidinga ucingo olungaqhumi ngoba ukuxhumana okuphephile ezindaweni eziyingozi kuncike kokubili ekuphepheni kukagesi kanye nokuthembeka kokusebenza. Idivayisi efanele isiza ukulawula ingozi yokushisa, isekela impendulo ephuthumayo, futhi igcina ukuxhumana kwezitshalo kusebenziseka lapho izimo zimbi kakhulu. Kumaqembu okuthenga, isinqumo esivikelwe kakhulu yileso esakhelwe ekuhlukanisweni kwezindawo, ubufakazi bokuqinisekisa, kanye nezimo zokusebenza zangempela kunokuba kube ngentengo noma ukubukeka kuphela.