Kungani ucingo lomcimi-mlilo lubaluleke kakhulu emihubheni nasezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba?

• Emihubheni, ucingo lomcimi-mlilo lusekela ukuqondiswa okusheshayo lapho amanethiwekhi omphakathi noma imisakazo ephathwayo ingaba engathembekile.
• Izingcingo eziphuthumayo ezingaphansi komhlaba kumele zibonakale, ziqine, futhi ziqondakale kahle ezimweni ezinomsindo ophezulu nezingabonakali kahle.
• Ukuhlela okusekelwe ezindinganisweni, ukubekwa okufanele, kanye nokuhlola kubalulekile njengoba nje nedivayisi ngokwayo ibalulekile.
• Kubathengi bephrojekthi, uhlelo olufanele lulinganisela ukusinda, ukugcinwa, kanye nokuhlanganiswa negumbi lokulawula.

Kungani ucingo lomcimi-mlilo lubaluleke kakhulu emihubheni nasezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba? Ngoba ukuxhumana kwemihubhe kumele kusebenze endaweni lapho imisindo, ukufinyelela, kanye nengqalasizinda konke kusebenza khona ngokumelene nemisebenzi yokutakula, futhi isisekelo sobunjiniyela siqine kakhulu kunefoni evamile. Isibonelo, ukwakheka kokuphepha kwemihubhe kuvame ukubhekisela ezidingweni zokuxhumana zokuphepha empilweni ezifanaI-NFPA 502yemigwaqo kanyeIsithasiselo 14 se-ICAO-indlela yokuhlela izimo eziphuthumayo ezindaweni zokuhamba eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuyilapho izinhlelo ezingaphansi komhlaba zivame ukusebenzisa izinhloso zokuthembeka ezihlelekile kanye nezifunda ezivikelwe. Isu elijwayelekile lokulawula imigudu libuye lincike ekuqinisekisweni ngokumelene nezimiso zokusinda kokuxhumana ezichazwe kuUcwaningo Lwezokuxhumana Lokuphepha Komphakathi lwe-NISTKwamaqembu ephrojekthi ahlolaizingcingo eziphuthumayo zezimboni, ocingo olungangenisi isimo sezulu, futhiizingcingo ezingaphazamisi umonakalo, umbuzo wangempela awusiwo ukuthi idivayisi ingakhala yini, kodwa ukuthi ingabe isakwazi yini ukunikeza imiyalelo ecacile lapho ukuphuma, intuthu, kanye nokucindezeleka konke kwenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Kungani ukuxhumana kwe-tunnel kwehluleka uma amafoni avamile engaphumeleli

Ukuxhumana ngemigudu kuyahluleka ngenxa yezizathu zesakhiwo, hhayi ngoba abasebenzisi benganaki.

Izikhala ezingaphansi komhlaba zicindezela izinto eziningi eziyingozi zibe yiphaseji elilodwa: amabhlogo ekhonkrithi aqinisiwe ukusabalala komsakazo, umsindo wethrafikhi ungadlula imikhawulo yokukhuluma ephephile, futhi ukuphazamiseka kwentuthu noma ugesi kungenza amadivayisi eselula angasebenzi. Emhubheni wezokuthutha, igumbi lokulawula lingase libe kude ngamamitha angamakhulu, kodwa umuntu oshayelayo usadinga isixhumanisi esiqondile nesisheshayo. Yingakho ucingo lomcimi-mlilo luvame ukuphathwa njengendawo yokugcina ezinikele yokuphepha empilweni kunokuba lube yifoni esetshenziswayo.

I-acoustics ingenye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezifihliwe. Ngaphakathi komhubhe, i-echo, umsindo wenjini, nomsindo we-alamu kunganciphisa ukuzwakala kwenkulumo ngisho noma umugqa uxhunywe ngobuchwepheshe. Uhlelo lokuxhumana "oluvuliwe" alwanele. Ezimweni eziphuthumayo, umyalezo kumele uqondwe ekuqaleni.

Ukubonakala kungenye indawo yokwehluleka. Uma kunentuthu noma ukukhanya okuncane, ifoni encane efakwe odongeni ingaba nzima ukuyithola, ikakhulukazi kulabo abaphendulayo abagqoke amagilavu ​​​​nemishini yokuphefumula. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwesikhombikubona esiphuthumayo kubeka phambili amalebula amakhulu, indawo ecacile, kanye nochungechunge olufushane lokusebenza. Ucingo lomlilo olungcono kakhulu emhubheni ngokuvamile yilolo umuntu ophendulayo angaluthola futhi alusebenzise ngaphandle kokuma acabange.

Lokho okumele kwenziwe ucingo lomcimi-mlilo esimweni esiphuthumayo somhubhe

Ucingo lomcimi-mlilo kumele lusekele ukuxhumana okusheshayo nokungashayisani kahle ngaphansi kokucindezeleka.

Isidingo sokuqala ukuxhumana okusheshayo. Esimweni esiphuthumayo esingaphansi komhlaba, asikho isikhathi sokuzulazula kwemenyu, ukubambezeleka kokuqinisekisa, noma ukuhanjiswa kwezingcingo okungaqinisekile. Idivayisi kufanele ixhume umsebenzisi egumbini lokulawula, umphathi wesigameko, noma isikhungo sokutakula ngendlela ebikezelwayo. Emaphrojekthini amaningi e-tunnel, uhlelo lokuxhumana lwenzelwe ukuthi amaphuzu abalulekile asatshalaliswe ngezikhathi ezithile endleleni, okwenza abaphenduli bakwazi ukuxhumana nomyalo ovela ezindaweni eziningi.

Imfuneko yesibili ukucaca kwenkulumo. Izindinganiso zokuxhumana eziphuthumayo zivame ukugcizelela ukungaqondakali ngoba imiyalelo engaqondakali kahle ingaba yingozi njengokungafundi nhlobo. Empeleni, lokho kusho ukuthi i-handset, imakrofoni, isikhulumi, kanye nendawo ebiyelwe konke kudingeka kuklanyelwe imisindo enamandla, hhayi ukusetshenziswa kwehhovisi kuphela.

Imfuneko yesithathu ukusinda. Izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba zingaveza imishini emswakama, ekudlidlizeni, ekushayweni, othulini, ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa, nasekusebenzeni okuphindaphindiwe. Uma ucingo lukhethiwe kulolu hlelo, indawo ebiyelwe, indlela yokufaka, ukuvikelwa kwekhebula, kanye nokufinyelela kokulungisa konke kubalulekile. Kumaphrojekthi anokufinyelela komphakathi noma ithrafikhi enkulu, i-ucingo olumelana nokucekela phansikungakhethwa lapho ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba noma ukusetshenziswa kabi okuphindaphindiwe kungenzeka khona, kuyilaphoucingo lwezimboniingasetshenziswa lapho ukuqina kokusebenza kuyindaba eyinhloko.

Indlela izindinganiso ezibumba ngayo ukuxhumana kwemigudu kanye nokuhlela ucingo oluphuthumayo ngaphansi komhlaba

Izindinganiso zenza ukuxhumana kwemigudu kuthembeke kakhudlwana ngoba ziguqula okulindelwe ukuphepha kube yizidingo ezingahlolwa.

Ngemihubhe yemigwaqo, i-NFPA 502 ikhulunywa kabanzi ekuhleleni komlilo nokuphepha kokuphila eNyakatho Melika kwemihubhe, amabhuloho, nezinye izakhiwo zemigwaqo emikhulu ezingafinyeleleki kalula. Inani layo kubathengi alikho kuncazelo eyodwa yedivayisi, kodwa endleleni elihlela ngayo umhubhe njengendawo ehlelekile yokuphepha kokuphila. Izindawo zokuxhumana, impendulo ephuthumayo, umoya opholile, ukuphuma kwabantu, kanye nokuvikelwa komlilo kumele kusebenze njengohlelo olulodwa kunezinto ezihlukile.

Ngokuxhumana okuphuthumayo okubanzi, ucwaningo lwe-NIST mayelana nokuxhumana kokuphepha komphakathi luwusizo ngoba lugcizelela ukuqina, ukusebenzisana, kanye nokuqhubeka kokusebenza. Lezo yizona kanye izakhiwo abaqhubi bemigudu abayifunayo lapho bengenakuncika kunethiwekhi yomphakathi yodwa. Umklamo wokuxhumana kwemigudu ohambisana nalezi zimiso kulula ukuwuchaza ngesikhathi sokubuyekezwa kobunjiniyela, ukuthengwa, kanye nokuhlolwa kokwamukelwa.

Emaphrojekthini okuphepha empilweni yezimboni, ukusebenza okuvivinyiwe kuvame ukukholisa kakhulu kunolimi lokumaketha. Abathengi kufanele babuze ukuthi uhlelo luziphatha kanjani uma ugesi ulahlekile, kwenzekani uma ulayini wonakele, ukuthi ukuphathwa kocingo kuqala kanjani, nokuthi igumbi lokulawula lingakwazi yini ukuhlonza indawo eqondile yokushaya ucingo. Lena akuyona imibuzo yemfundiso; inquma ukuthi abasebenzi bezimo eziphuthumayo bangaphendula ngaphandle kokulibala.

Abanye onjiniyela baphinde balinganise ukuxhumana okuphuthumayo ngokumelene nokuqina kwemishini kanye nokulindela kokuvikelwa kokungena. Isibonelo, amadivayisi okuxhumana angaphandle nasendaweni enzima avame ukuthembela ezivalweni ezivaliwe kanye nezinto ezingagqwali ukuze zigcine ukusebenza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uma umhubhe uhlanganisa imiphini yokufinyelela, ukungena okuveziwe, noma izixhumanisi ezivame umswakama, bese uhlanganisa indawo yokugcina ephuthumayo eyinhloko ne-ucingo oluvikela isimo sezuluezindaweni eziseduze kungathuthukisa ukuqina kwesistimu iyonke.

Lapho izingcingo zabacimi bomlilo kufanele zibekwe khona emihubheni nasezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba

Ukubekwa kubaluleke njengehadiwe ngoba idivayisi ephelele endaweni engafanele isahluleka.

Kumaphrojekthi emisele, izingcingo eziphuthumayo zivame ukufakwa ukuze abasebenzisi bakwazi ukufinyelela kuzo ngokushesha besuka ezindaweni ezivame ukwenzeka ingozi, ezindaweni zokuphephela zabahamba ngezinyawo, ezindaweni zokuphuma, ezindaweni zokulawula, kanye nemizila yokufinyelela. Isikhala esiqondile sincike ku-geometry yemisele, ikhodi yendawo, kanye nesu lesimo esiphuthumayo, kodwa isimiso esiqondisayo silula: umuntu oshaya ucingo akufanele neze aqagele ukuthi uya kuphi uma kunesimo esibucayi.

Ukubonakala kwegumbi lokulawula kubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Abasebenzi kudingeka bazi ukuthi iyiphi idivayisi evuliwe, ukuthi ucingo luvelaphi, nokuthi kufanele kuqaliswe ama-alamu noma iminyango eyengeziwe. Ezinhlelweni zanamuhla, lokhu kuvame ukusho ukuhlanganisa ucingo lomcimi-mlilo nendawo yokulawula yokuphatha kanye nokuthola idatha noma enye ipulatifomu yokuqapha ephakathi.

Ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba ezinokusetshenziswa okuxubile, imephu yokuxhumana kufanele ibhalwe ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha kwabantu, hhayi nje imidwebo yobunjiniyela. Buza ukuthi abantu bazoba kuphi lapho isigameko siqala, ukuthi bazohamba kanjani ngaphansi kokucindezeleka, nokuthi izimpawu zisazobonakala yini entuthwini noma ekukhanyeni okuphansi. Leyo ndlela ithuthukisa kokubili ukuphepha kanye nokuthobela imithetho.

1. Beka imephu yezindlela zokuhamba eziphuthumayo ezingaba khona ngaphambi kokulungisa izindawo zocingo.
2. Qinisekisa ukuthi yonke indawo yokugcina iyabonakala, iyafinyeleleka, futhi ilebula ngokombono womsebenzisi.
3. Qinisekisa ukuthi igumbi lokulawula lingakwazi ukubona indawo yocingo ngokushesha.
4. Hlola uhlelo ngaphansi komsindo ongokoqobo kanye nezimo zokukhanya.

Ucingo lwabacimi bomlilo uma kuqhathaniswa nocingo oluvamile lomphakathi ekuphenduleni okuphuthumayo ngaphansi komhlaba

Ucingo olujwayelekile aluklanyelwe imijikelezo yezinqumo zokuphepha empilweni.

Emisebenzini evamile, ucingo lungabekezelela ukubambezeleka, ukuphinda kudayelwe, noma umsindo ongacacile. Esimweni esiphuthumayo somhubhe, lokho kubekezelelana kuyanyamalala. Ucingo lomcimi-mlilo luhlukile ngoba luhloselwe ukusekela ukuhlanganiswa okusheshayo ngesikhathi sesigameko, hhayi ingxoxo evamile. Ngokuvamile lukhethwa ngenxa yokuthembeka, ukulula, kanye nokuxhumana okuqondile kunezici ezibanzi.

Umehluko uba sobala ngesikhathi sokuphuma kwabantu. Ucingo lomphakathi lungase luncike engqalasizinda esasebenza kodwa engabekwa phambili ekusetshenzisweni okuphuthumayo. Ucingo oluphuthumayo olungaphansi komhlaba oluzinikele luklanyelwe ukuhlala luwusizo ngesikhathi esifanele lapho ukuzethemba kwengqalasizinda kuphansi kakhulu. Yingakho amaqembu ephrojekthi evame ukuhlukanisa ukuxhumana okuphephile kokuphila nokuxhumana okujwayelekile kwabantu abahlala khona.

Lowo mehluko uchaza nokuthi kungani amaphrojekthi amaningi angaphansi komhlaba ekhetha iphothifoliyo ebanzi yamadivayisi okuxhumana akhelwe ngenhloso. Umhubhe odinga ukushayelwa ucingo oluphuthumayo nawo ungadingaifoni ephuthumayoezindaweni zomphakathi,i-intercom yokulawula ukufinyelelaezindaweni zokungena ezivinjelwe, kanyeucingo lwezimbonieziteshini zobuchwepheshe. Idivayisi ngayinye ixazulula inkinga yokusebenza ehlukile, noma ngabe ingase ibe nomgogodla ofanayo wenethiwekhi.

Izici zokuklama zobuchwepheshe ezithuthukisa ukuthembeka kokuxhumana kwemigudu

Ukuthembeka ekuxhumaneni okuphuthumayo ngaphansi komhlaba kuncike kokungaphezu kwefoni uqobo.

Ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi kufanele kusekele ukungasebenzi kahle, ukuhlonza indawo ecacile, kanye nokuziphatha okuphepha kokwehluleka. Uma isekethe eyodwa yonakaliswa umlilo, ukungena kwamanzi, noma umthelela womshini, uhlelo kufanele luqhubeke nokugcina izingcingo ezibaluleke kakhulu noma luhlukanise iphutha ngaphandle kokususa wonke umugqa phansi. Inhloso yomklamo akuyona ukuphelela; kuwukuwohloka okuhle.

Ukwakheka komsindo nakho kubalulekile. Ukuzwakala kwenkulumo kungathinteka ukuzwela kwemakrofoni, ukuphuma kwesipikha, ukulawula i-echo, kanye nokwenqatshwa komsindo ozungezile. Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuthenga ucingo ngedatha yodwa akwanele. Idivayisi kufanele ihlolwe endaweni efana nomhubhe wangempela noma ngaphansi kwephrofayili yomsindo omele.

Ukuhlela ukulungiswa kungenye into efihliwe yempumelelo. Izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezingaphansi komhlaba ziphila isikhathi eside lapho kuhlelwa ukuhlolwa, izingcingo zokuhlola, kanye nezingxenye ezishintshayo kusukela ekuqaleni. Uma ukufinyelela isevisi kunzima, ngisho nephutha elincane lingahlala isikhathi eside kakhulu lingaxazululwa. Kumakhasimende ephrojekthi, uhlelo olungcono kakhulu yilolo olungagcinwa luphilile ngabasebenzi namathuluzi atholakalayo ngempela esizeni.

• Sebenzisa ilebula elicacile lendawo ukuze abasebenzi begumbi lokulawula bakwazi ukubona umuntu oshayela ucingo ngokushesha.
• Hlukanisa izindawo zokugcina eziphuthumayo ekuxhumaneni kwehhovisi okungabalulekile lapho kungenzeka khona.
• Cacisa ukuqina kwesikhala sokuvalelwa ukuze kutholakale ukushaqeka, umswakama, kanye nokungcola kothuli.
• Faka izinqubo zokuhlola ohlelweni lokwamukela, hhayi ngemva kokugunyazwa.

Izilinganiso zokulinganisa okufanele abathengi bazicele

Idatha yobuningi isiza amaqembu okuthenga aqhathanise izinketho ngaphandle kokuthembela ezimangalweni ezingacacile.

Ngokuxhumana kwemigudu kanye namaphrojekthi ocingo oluphuthumayo angaphansi komhlaba, cela abathengisi ukuthi banikeze amanani alinganiswayo okusebenza komsindo, ukuqina, ukuguquguquka kokufakwa, kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Ngisho noma indinganiso ingadingi inombolo eyodwa yendawo yonke, umthengi angadinga ubufakazi obungahlolwa bokucindezela komsindo, ukuvikelwa kokungena, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza, kanye nokufinyelela kwesevisi.

Umthetho wokuthenga owusizo ukwenqaba iziphakamiso ezingachazi isisekelo sokusebenza. Uma umhlinzeki engakwazi ukuchaza ukuthi uhlelo luziphatha kanjani ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka kukagesi, ukuthi yiluphi ulwazi lwendawo oludluliselwayo, noma ukuthi igumbi lokulawula lithola kanjani isaziso, khona-ke isiphakamiso asikakulungeli ukuphepha.

Lapho iphrojekthi ixubene nokuvezwa okuqinile kwangaphandle, amamodeli amelana nesimo sezulu kungadingeka aqhathaniswe namadivayisi asezingeni lomhubhe. Yilapho-ke iphrojekthiucingo oluvikela isimo sezuluingasekela izindawo eziseduze, kuyilaphoucingo olumelana nokucekela phansiingabhekana nezindawo ezinokuxhumana nomphakathi okuvamile. Inhloso ukwakha uchungechunge lokuxhumana oluphelele, hhayi ukuhlukanisa ifoni eyodwa njengesixazululo sazo zonke izingcuphe.

Lokho abathengi bephrojekthi okufanele bakuhlole ngaphambi kokucacisa ucingo lomcimi-mlilo

Ikhwalithi yokucaciswa ibalulekile ngoba ukwehluleka kokuxhumana kwemigudu kuvame ukuba ukwehluleka komklamo.

Iphuzu lokuqala lokuhlola yisimo sokusebenza. Indawo emfushane yokuhamba ngezinyawo, umhubhe womgwaqo, umzila wesitimela esingaphansi komhlaba, kanye negalari yezinsizakusebenza ezingaphansi komhlaba azinawo iphrofayili efanayo yengozi. Okwesibili ukuhamba komsebenzi okuphuthumayo. Nquma ukuthi ubani ophendulayo, ubani okhuphukayo, indawo iqinisekiswa kanjani, nokuthi isinyathelo esilandelayo siyini ngemva kokuxhumana kocingo. Okwesithathu yindawo engokoqobo. Umswakama, ukungcola, ukudlidliza, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabi konke kushintsha ukukhetha kwedivayisi.

Abathengi kufanele futhi bahlole ukuhambisana kwesistimu. Uma ifoni ephuthumayo kufanele ihlanganiswe nesofthiwe yokuqapha, i-logic yokukhulula umnyango, amaphaneli e-alamu, noma izinhlelo zekheli lomphakathi, isikhombimsebenzisi kufanele siqinisekiswe kusenesikhathi. Izinkinga zokuhlanganiswa kwesigaba sokugcina ziyabiza futhi zivame ukungabonakali kuze kube yilapho ziqaliswa.

1. Chaza uhlobo lomhubhe kanye ne-sценарio ephuthumayo eyinhloko ngaphambi kokukhetha ihadiwe.
2. Qinisekisa ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi, ukungasebenzi kahle, kanye nokubikwa kwendawo.
3. Hlola ukuqondakala kwenkulumo endaweni enomsindo nevaliwe.
4. Qinisekisa ukufakwa, ukuhlolwa, kanye nokufinyelela izingxenye ezisele.

Kumaqembu akha iphakheji yokuxhumana engaphansi komhlaba ephelele, indlela ewusizo kakhulu ngokuvamile ukubuka uhlelo: ukushaya ucingo oluphuthumayo, impendulo yomqhubi, i-alamu yezwi, kanye nokugcinwa konke kuklanyelwe ndawonye. Yilapho ingxube yomkhiqizo eyakhelwe ngenhloso ingaba ngcono kakhulu kunemodeli yocingo eyodwa ejwayelekile.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa: ucingo lwabacimi bomlilo, ukuxhumana kwemhubhe, kanye nocingo oluphuthumayo olungaphansi komhlaba

Kungani ucingo lomcimi-mlilo lungcono kunocingo oluvamile olusemhubheni?

Kungcono ngoba yenzelwe ukuxhumanisa izimo eziphuthumayo, hhayi ukusetshenziswa okuvamile, ngakho kulula ukuyithola, kuyashesha ukuyisebenzisa, futhi kuthembeke kakhulu ngaphansi kokucindezeleka.

Kufanele kufakwe kuphi amafoni aphuthumayo angaphansi komhlaba?

Kufanele zifakwe ezindleleni zokuphuma, eduze kwezindawo zokulawula, nasezindaweni lapho abasebenzisi bangafinyelela khona ngokushesha ngaphandle kokudideka.

Iyini inselele enkulu ekuxhumaneni ngemigudu?

Inselele enkulu ukugcina ukuxhumana ngezwi okucacile nokusheshayo endaweni enomsindo, evalekile, futhi okungenzeka igcwele intuthu.

Ucingo lomcimi-mlilo lubasiza kanjani abaphenduli bokuqala?

Inikeza abaphendulayo umugqa oqondile oya egumbini lokulawula noma umyalo wesigameko, okunciphisa isikhathi sokwenza izinqumo futhi kuthuthukise ukubambisana.

Ingabe amafoni ezimo eziphuthumayo e-tunnel kufanele ahlolwe njalo?

Yebo, ukuhlolwa okuvamile kubalulekile ngoba amadivayisi okuphepha kumele ahlale ethembekile kukho konke ukuphila kwawo kwenkonzo, hhayi kuphela lapho efakwa.

Ingabe ukuxhumana ngemigudu kungathembela kuphela kumafoni eselula?

Cha, omakhalekhukhwini abayona ikhambi elithembekile kuphela ngoba ukusabalala komhlabathi, ukuminyana, kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene nogesi kungaphazamisa ukusetshenziswa okuphuthumayo.

Yini okufanele abathengi bayibheke kumhlinzeki wefoni eziphuthumayo zomhubhe?

Abathengi kufanele babheke ukusebenza okubhaliwe, isiqondiso sokufaka esicacile, ukwesekwa kokuhlanganiswa, kanye nohlelo lokunakekela oluhambisana nendawo yephrojekthi.